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. 2018 Aug 23;6:114. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00114

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Copyright © 2018 Bossio, Abdel Aziz, Tullii, Zucchetti, Debellis, Zangoli, Di Maria, Lanzani and Antognazza.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biological pathways activated by P3HT-NP photostimulation. The cartoon represents the intracellular compartment, showing mitochondria (MC) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). When P3HT NPs are irradiated, $O_{2}^{-}$ is produced. $O_{2}^{-}$ is expected to act as an intermediate toward the formation of other ROS and to increase the SOD (superoxide dismutase) concentration. Increased Ca²⁺ release from intracellular sources is also observed.