Table 1.

Summary of clinical trials testing chloroquine in GBs.

Study ID	Phase	Patient group		Treatment	Outcomes
		Age	Diagnosis
NCT00224978	III	18–65	First/second recurrent or relapsed GB (WHO stage = IV) in one hemisphere	Carmustine + radiotherapy + placebo vs. Carmustine + radiotherapy + chloroquine	- Increase OS from 11 to 24 months - No statistical significance - Well tolerated (10, 11)
NCT03243461	III	3–18	Untreated pediatric high-grade glioma (WHO stage ≥ III)	Temozolomide + radiotherapy + valproic acid vs. Temozolomide + radiotherapy + chloroquine	Estimated study start: Feb. 2018 (12, 13)
NCT02432417	II	18–70	Newly diagnosed IDH wild-type GB (WHO stage = IV)	Radiotherapy + chloroquine	Estimated study start: Jan. 2020 (12, 14)
NCT02378532	I	≥ 18	Newly diagnosed GB (WHO stage = IV) and confirmed MGMT and EGFRvIII status	Temozolomide + Radiotherapy + chloroquine	Currently recruiting (12, 15)
NCT01727531		≥18	Solid primary tumor and at least one brain metastasis	Whole-brain radiotherapy + chloroquine	No results published 16