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. 2018 Aug;16(7):959–970. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666170724104305

Table 2.

Main effects of ECS on retinal neuroprotection.

Animal/Human/Cell Model Target Molecular Effect Effect on eCB-Binding Receptors Overall Effect References
Retinal ischemia mice model Retinal Ganglion Cells FAAH inhibition ↓ CB1, TRPV1 IOP reduction Nucci et al., 2007
Knockout mice (-/-) for β1 AR, β2 AR, CB1, or CB2 Anterior Eye NE release Inhibition ↑ CB1 IOP reduction Hudson et al., 2011
Rat model of axotomy Retinal Ganglion Cells FAAH inhibition ↑ CB1 Cell protection Slusar et al., 2013
AMPA excitotoxicity animal model Amacrine Cells PI3K/AKT and MEK/
ERK1/2 signalling pathway		 ↑ CB1 Cell protection Kokona et al., 2015
Ocular hypertensive subjects Vascular Endothelium Inhibition of AEA degradation (?) Receptor-
independent		 IOP reduction Strobbe et al., 2013
Knockout (-/-) mice for CB1, CB2, or MAGL Nonpigmented Ciliary Epithelium MAGL blockage ↑ CB1 IOP reduction Miller et al., 2016
Knockout (-/-) mice for TRPV1 Retinal Ganglion Cells Enhanced excitability by Ca2+ efflux ↑ TRPV1 Cell protection Sappington et al., 2015
Streptozotocin-induced diabetics rat model Human retinal endothelial cell Retinal Endothelial Cells Suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation ↑ CB1 Cell protection El-Remessy et al., 2008
Animal/Human/Cell Model Target Molecular Effect Effect on eCB-binding Receptors Overall Effect References
NMDA excitotoxicity rat model Retinal Ganglion Cells Activation of CGRP and tachykinin NK1 receptors ↑ TRPV1 Cell protection Sakamoto et al., 2014
Xenopus leavis Retinal Ganglion Cells Enhanced excitability by chloride channel current ↑ CB1 Visual response protection Miracourt et al., 2016
Light-induced damage mice model Murine Retinal Cone Cells Suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation ↑ CB1 Photoreceptor protection Inamura et al., 2017
Human retinal pigmental epithelial cells Retinal Pigment Epithelium Downregulation oxidative stress ↑ CB1 Cell protection Wei et al., 2013
Light-induced photo-
receptor damage rat model		 Retinal Section Mediated by saffron ↓ CB1, CB2 Photoreceptor protection Maccarone et al., 2016