Table 4.
Oxidative stress-related studies in glaucoma.
| Study | Sample | Significant Findings | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| OS | Aqueous humor (human) | Higher oxidative status and lower antioxidant activity in POAG |
Zanón-Moreno et al. 2008 [61] |
| Biomarkers of OS, immune response and apoptosis | ROS, immune inflammatory response mediators, and apoptogenic molecules are engaged in glaucoma disease |
Pinazo-Durán et al. 2013 [69] |
|
| Polymorphisms in several genes with biomarkers in POAG | Plasma (human) | Novel association: rs737723 polymorphism (SEC14L2/TAP) from GPX4 and higher POAG risk |
Zanón-Moreno et al. 2013 [91] |
| Association of TAC with type and severity | Plasma (humor) | TAC levels are lower in glaucoma (more so in POAG and PEG than PACG) |
Mousa et al. 2015 [92] |
| OS markers evaluation | Aqueous humor (human) | Increased oxidative stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of both POAG and PACG |
Goyal et al. 2014 [87] |
| Association of clinical indices of PACG with TAC | Plasma (human) | The authors demonstrated an inverse correlation of TAC level with IOP |
Abu-Amero at al. 2014 [93] |
| Evaluation of GS, NOS, SOD and GST | Aqueous humor (human) | GS, NOS2, SOD and GST may be useful oxidative markers in glaucoma |
Bagnis et al. 2012 [89] |
| OS and antioxidants | Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | The increase of some antioxidant markers could be a protective response of the eye against oxidative stress. |
Benoist dÁzy et al. 2016 [75] |
| OS markers | Blood and aqueous humor (human) | Oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defenses are involved in POAG. |
Nucci et al. 2013 [76] |
| OS | Serum (human) | Involvement of oxidative stress in PACG. Identify ischemia-modified albumin as a new biomarker to asses oxidative stress in PACG |
Chang et al. 2011 [77] |
| OS markers (MDA, 8-OHdG and PON1) | Blood samples (human) |
Higher MDA and 8-OHdG levels may be correlated with decreased PON1 activity in POAG |
Mumcu et al. 2016 [82] |
| Apoptosis markers (PARP1 and OGG1) | RNA from Blood (human) | Results suggest that oxidative stress-induced DNA damage is associated with POAG. This increase could be by the decreased expression of DNA repair enzymes |
Mohanty et al. 2017 [83] |
| NS | Aqueous humor (human) | Involvement of NO in POAG |
Zanón-Moreno et al. 2008 [85] |
| Biochemical indicators of lipid peroxidation | Serum and tear (human) | In POAG there are: free radical oxidation, suppression of antioxidant system defense and endothelial dysfunction |
Openkova et al. 2013 [86] |
| OS | Red Blood Cells (human) | An oxidative disorder was observed in POAG: CAT and GPX upregulation and higher MDA levels |
Rokicki et al. 2016 [90] |
Abbreviations: OS: Oxidative stress; NS: Nitrosative stress; POAG: primary open-angle glaucoma; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; TAC: total antioxydant capacity; PEG: pseudoexfoliation glaucoma; PACG: primary angle closure glaucoma; IOP: intraocular pressure; GS: glutamine synthase; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GST: glutathione transferase; MDA: malondialdehyde; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2' –deoxyguanosine; PON: paraoxonase PARP1: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; OGG1: 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase NO: nitric oxide.