Table 6.
Results of clinical trials with antioxidants, essential fatty acids and natural compounds in glaucoma patients.
|
Oral Antioxidant
Studied |
Sample Size | Outcomes in Treated Patients |
Follow-up
(Type of Study) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ω-3 PUFAs | 40 ocular hypertensive patients (2 groups: treated vs placebo) |
Improvent of global perimetric indices (blue/yellow automated perimetry) | 3 months (prospective) |
Cellini et al., 1999 [148] |
| Epigallocatechin-gallate | 18 ocular hypertensive patients and 18 POAG patients | Improvements in ERG. Automated perimetry did not show changes. | 3 months (prospective) |
Falsini et al., 2009 [147] |
| Two AREDS-based antioxidant formulas (antioxidants + minerals) with/without ω-3 PUFAs |
117 POAG patients (2 groups according to supplementation with/without ω-3 PUFAs, and a control group | No significant differences between perimetric global índices, peripapillary RNFL or macular GCC at the beginning and at the end of follow-up. | 2 years (prospective) |
Garcia-Medina et al., 2015 [21] |
| Extract of Ginkgo biloba | 35 NTG patients (2 groups: treated vs placebo) |
No effect on automated perimetry or contrast sensitivity | 4-8 weeks-of washout- 4 weeks (prospective, crossover study) | Guo et al. 2014 [142] |
| Extract of saffron | 34 POAG patients (2 groups: treated vs placebo) | IOP decrease | 4 weeks (prospective) |
Jabbarpoor Bonyadi et al., 2014 [146] |
| Extract of Ginkgo biloba | 42 NTG patients | Improvement of perimetric global indices with no changes in IOP | 12 years (4 years observation + 8 years treatment) (retrospective) | Lee et al., 2013 [140] |
| Combination of forskolin, homotaurine, carnosine, folic acid, vitamins (B1, B1, B6) and magnesium | 22 POAG patients (2 groups: treated vs not treated) | Lower IOP and better ERG parameters and foveal sensitivity | 1 year (prospective) |
Mutolo et al., 2016 [20] |
| Extract of blackcurrant anthocyanins | 38 POAG patients (2 groups: treated vs placebo) | Improvement of MD and increase of ocular blood flow | 2 years (prospective) |
Ohguro et al., 2012 [144] |
| Extract of blackcurrant anthocyanins | 21 POAG patients (2 groups: treated vs placebo) | Lower IOP | 2 years (prospective) |
Ohguro et al., 2013 [145] |
| Extract of blackcurrant anthocyanins | 12 healthy subjects (2 groups: treated vs placebo) | Lower IOP | 4 weeks-2 weeks of washout-4 weeks (prospective, crossover study) | Ohguro et al.,2013 [145] |
| Extract of Ginkgo biloba | 30 NTG patients (2 groups: treated vs placebo) | Increase of peripapillary retinal blood flow | 4 weeks (prospective) |
Park et al., 2011 [141] |
| Extract of Ginkgo biloba | 27 NTG patients (2 groups: treated vs not treated) | Improvement of perimetric indices without IOP changes | 4 weeks (prospective) |
Quaranta et al,. 2003 [138] |
| Extract of Ginkgo biloba | 40 POAG patients (2 groups: treated vs placebo) | Improvement of perimetric global indices, slower decrease of superior and inferior peripapillary RNFL. No changes in IOP | 6 months (prospective) |
Sari et al., 2016 [143] |
| Extract of Ginkgo biloba or bilberry anthocyanins | 332 NTG patients (3 groups according to supplementation) |
Improvement of MD in both supplemented groups. Better visual acuity with anthocyanins |
Almost 2 years (retrospective) |
Shim et al,. 2012 [139] |
Abbreviations: AREDS, age-related eye disease study; ERG, electroretinogram; IOP, intraocular pressure; GGC, ganglion cell complex; MD, mean deviation (automated perimetry); NTG, normotensive glaucoma; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; ω-3: omega-3 fatty acids; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer.