Table 1.
Methods: definitions according to the categorization of the International Pediatric Stroke Study (IPSS).
| Risk factor category | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1. Arteriopathy | Any arterial abnormality on vascular imaging besides isolated vessel occlusion. Arterial dissection had to be confirmed by angiography (MRA/CTA/conventional) |
| 2. Cardiac disorders | Either a history of chronic cardiac disorder or when detected on ECG or echocardiography during analysis of stroke |
| 3. Chronic Systemic conditions | A condition or disease with known changes in coagulation or vascular structure, such as connective tissue disease, genetic disorder, hematological, inflammatory or immune system disorder, oncological disease, and use of oral contraceptives |
| 4. Prothrombotic states | A known disease in coagulation or found on laboratory testing, such as Factor V Leiden, antiphopholipid syndrome, protein C/S deficiency |
| 5. Acute systemic disorders | Any acute condition that leads to systemic disturbances, e.g. sepsis, hypotension, shock, <72 h after surgery |
| 6. Chronic Head and neck disorders | A disease localized in the area of the head or neck, e.g. migraine, tumor, aneurysm or AVM |
| 7. Acute head and neck disorders | An acute disease, surgery or trauma localized in the head or neck region |
| 8. Pregnancy relateda | Stroke or TIA during pregnancy or the postpartum period (defined as within 6 weeks after delivery) |
| 9. ≥1 risk factors for early atherosclerosis Separate risk factors were defined as followsb | Either a history of a risk factor (mentioned in medical history or the use of medication) or detected during admission or analysis of the stroke in the outpatient clinic. -Diabetes mellitus as a random blood glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/l) or two consecutive fasting venous plasma glucose levels of 126.1 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/l) or greater -Hypertension as systolic blood pressure 135 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 85 mm Hg or greater, or both, measured after the first week of the index event -Smoking as at least one cigarette per day in the year prior to the event -Excess alcohol consumption as consuming more than 200 g of pure alcohol per week -Dyslipidemia as a cholesterole level of ≥5.0 mmol/l, LDL of ≥2.5 mmol/l and/or triglycerides of ≥2.0 mmol/l |