Table 3.
Prevalence of risk factors in 656 young stroke patients categorized based on IPSS methods.
| IPSS risk factor category No. (%) | Total 656 (100) | TIA 209 (31.9) | Ischemic stroke 447 (61.7) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arteriopathy,a n/total (%) | 45/368 (12.2) | 12/109 (11.0) | 33/259 (12.7) |
| Arterial dissection | 29 | 4 | 25 |
| CADASIL | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Moyamoya | 5 | 2 | 3 |
| Vasculitis | 5 | 4 | 1 |
| Vasospasm | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Unspecified arteriopathy | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Other | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Cardiac disorders, n (%) | 91 (13.9) | 26 (12.4) | 65 (14.5) |
| Acquired heart disease | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Congenital heart disease | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 13 | 3 | 3 |
| Myocardial inflammation | 8 | 2 | 5 |
| Prosthetic valve | 9 | 2 | 6 |
| Myocardial disease | 14 | 4 | 10 |
| Valve disease | 16 | 2 | 13 |
| PFO | 14 | 4 | 10 |
| PFO+b | 6 | 1 | 5 |
| <72 h after cardiac surgery | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Intracardiac thrombus | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| Other | 5 | 2 | 3 |
| Chronic Systemic conditions, n (%) | 126 (19.2) | 30 (14.4) | 96 (21.5)* |
| Connective tissue disease | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Genetic disorder | 4 | 0 | 3 |
| Hematological disorder | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Immune system disorderc | 21 | 4 | 17 |
| Inflammatory disease | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Oncological disease | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Oral contraceptive pill | 97 | 23 | 74 |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Prothrombotic states, n (%) | 51 (7.8) | 13 (6.2) | 38 (8.5) |
| Acquired thrombophilia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Antiphosholipid syndrome | 10 | 1 | 9 |
| Factor II deficiency | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Factor V Leiden | 12 | 5 | 7 |
| Hyperhomocysteïnaemia | 25 | 6 | 19 |
| Increased factor VIII | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Protein C/S deficiency | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Multiple | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Acute systemic disorders, n (%) | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.7) |
| <72 h after surgery | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Hypotension | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Chronic Head and neck disorders, n (%) | 96 (14.6) | 37 (17.7) | 59 (13.2) |
| Aneurysm | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain tumor | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Intracranial AVM | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MELAS | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Migraine | 87 | 35 | 52 |
| Other cranial tumor | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Acute head and neck disorders, n (%) | 8 (1.2) | 3 (1.4) | 5 (1.1) |
| Head or neck surgery | 5 | 2 | 3 |
| Head or neck trauma | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Tonsillar abscess | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Pregnancy related, n/total (%) | 20/347 (5.8) | 11/115 (9.6)* | 9/232 (3.9) |
| Post-partum | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| During pregnancy | 16 | 11 | 5 |
| ≥1 RF for early atherosclerosisd, n/total (%) | 586/615 (95.3) | 185/196 (94.4) | 401/419 (95.7) |
| ≥2 | 346 (59.5) | 101 | 245 |
| ≥3 | 119 (19.3) | 35 | 84 |
| ≥4 | 21 (3.2) | 5 | 16 |
Note: p-Values represent the difference between young TIA and Ischemic stroke population. Patients were not exclusive to one category. In some cases, the sum of the subcategories leads to a higher total than presented due to patients who carried more than one risk factor in a category. TIA: transient ischemic attack, CADASIL: cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, PFO: Patent foramen ovale, MELAS: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, RF: risk factor.
Vascular imaging (MRA/CTA/conventional angiography) not performed in n = 288 (excluding duplex of carotid arteries).
PFO+: Patent foramen ovale in combination with a thrombus, septumaneurysm or left–right shunting.
Sjogren’s disease (n = 1), Wegener’s disease (n = 1), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n = 13), and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP, n = 5).
Complete information was unknown in n = 41.
p < 0.05.