Table 21.

Characteristics of included RCTs (n = 5) which compare second-generation mirror therapy and conventional rehabilitation.

Source	Participants	Intervention	Comparator	Sessions	Primary outcome	Blinding	Main findings
Lum et al., 2002 [7]	27 patients with chronic hemiparesis	Robotic mirror therapy	Neurodevelopmental therapy	24 sessions during 2 months	No	Simple blinding (outcome raters)	The robot group had larger improvements in a portion of the Fugl-Meyer test after 1 and 2 months of treatment, in strength and larger increases in reach extent after 2 months. At the 6-month follow-up, the groups no longer differed in terms of the Fugl-Meyer test; however, the robot group had larger improvements in the FIM™.
Lum et al., 2006 [25]	30 subacute stroke patients	Robot-assisted treatment (unilateral, bilateral or combined)	Neurodevelopmental therapy	15 sessions during 4 weeks	No	Simple blinding (outcome raters)	Robotic training compared with conventional therapy produced larger improvements on a motor impairment scale and a measure of abnormal synergies. However, gains in all treatment groups were equivalent at the 6-month follow-up.
Burgar et al., 2011 [26]	54 hemiparetic patients	Usual care and robot-assisted therapy (low or high dose)	Usual care and additional conventional therapy	15 to 30 sessions during 3 weeks	Fugl-Meyer Assessment	Simple blinding (outcome raters)	Gains in the primary outcome measure were not significantly different between groups at follow-up.
Liao et al., 2011 [81]	20 post stroke patients	Robot-assisted therapy	Dose-matched active control therapy	20 sessions during 4 weeks	Ratio of mean activity between the impaired and unimpaired arm	Simple blinding (outcome rater)	The robot-assisted therapy group significantly increased motor function, hemiplegic arm activity and bilateral arm coordination compared with the dose-matched active control group.
Kang et al., 2017 [27]	21 post stroke patients with central facial paresis	Orofacial exercise and mirror therapy using a tablet PC	Orofacial exercise	Twice daily for 14 days	No	No blinding	The degree of improvement of facial movement was significantly larger in the mirror group than in the control group.