Table 3.
Comparison of apoptosis with keratinization (modified from [1])
| Apoptosis | Keratinization | |
|---|---|---|
| Removal of dead cells | phagocytosis | Keratinization desquamation |
| Cell membrane | intact/PS exposure | intact |
| Cell organelles | encapsulated | lysed |
| Nucleus | fragmentation | lost |
| Chromatin condensation | (+) | (−) |
| DNA fragmentation | internucleosomal (ladder) | lost |
| TUNEL/ISTR | (+) | (−) |
| Nuclease | caspase-activated DNase | DNase 1L2/DNase 2 |
| Cytoskeletal proteins | cleaved (CK18/vimentin/actin) | crosslinked → degraded |
| Involved enzymes | caspase(-3) | transglutaminase, caspase-14, KLK |
PS, phosphatidylserine; TUNEL, TdT-mediated uptake of nick end labeling; ISTR, in situ 3′-tailing reaction; CK18, cytokeratin 18; KLK, kallikrein-kinin family.