Table 3.
Marginal effects from 2‐part model estimation using household data
| Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| THEXP | PMPEXP | LABEXP | MEXP | SCEXP | PHEXP | |
| ln (per capita total expenditure) | 1.6289*** (0.0178) | 1.1197*** (0.0164) | 0.1300 (0.0000) | 0.5379*** (0.0106) | 0.2083*** (0.0056) | 0.0574*** (0.0014) |
| Age of the household head (years) | 0.0127*** (0.0008) | 0.0060*** (0.0008) | 0.0014 (0.0000) | 0.0060*** (0.0005) | 0.0021*** (0.0002) | 0.0001 (0.0001) |
| Gender of the household head (1 = male, 0 = female) | −0.0516** (0.0204) | −0.0414** (0.0204) | 0.0045 (0.0000) | −0.0208 (0.0141) | −0.0021 (0.0057) | 0.0039 (0.0033) |
| Household head only attended up to primary school (dummy) | 0.0459** (0.0220) | 0.0238 (0.0223) | 0.0057 (0.0000) | 0.0353** (0.0162) | −0.0101 (0.0069) | 0.0010 (0.0038) |
| Household head only attended up to secondary school (dummy) | 0.1278*** (0.0235) | 0.1167*** (0.0238) | 0.0242 (0.0000) | 0.0266 (0.0174) | 0.0427*** (0.0078) | −0.0077* (0.0041) |
| Household head only attended above university level (dummy) | −0.4237*** (0.0628) | −0.4271*** (0.0619) | 0.0061 (0.0000) | −0.0818** (0.0407) | 0.0299** (0.0141) | −0.0216*** (0.0079) |
| Ethnic Sinhalese household head (dummy) | 0.2692 (0.1785) | 0.3622** (0.1796) | 0.0107 (0.0000) | 0.0634 (0.1202) | 0.0301 (0.0450) | 0.0049 (0.0218) |
| Ethnic Tamil household head (dummy) | 0.1514 (0.1838) | 0.3460* (0.1847) | −0.0075 (0.0000) | −0.1120 (0.1243) | −0.0306 (0.0484) | −0.0125 (0.0229) |
| Ethnic Muslim household head (dummy) | 0.3496 (0.2141) | 0.5910*** (0.2131) | −0.0023 (0.0000) | −0.0648 (0.1459) | 0.0004 (0.0644) | −0.0044 (0.0232) |
| Buddhist (religion) household head (dummy) | 0.6749 (0.5741) | 0.5002 (0.5846) | 0.8230 (0.0000) | 0.0825 (0.4081) | 1.0439*** (0.0586) | 0.3273*** (0.0238) |
| Hindu (religion) household head (dummy) | 0.6556 (0.5726) | 0.4511 (0.5835) | 0.8110 (0.0000) | 0.1310 (0.4077) | 1.0298*** (0.0650) | 0.3413*** (0.0247) |
| Islam (religion) household head (dummy) | 0.6137 (0.5856) | 0.3664 (0.5961) | 0.8219 (0.0000) | 0.1585 (0.4149) | 1.0378*** (0.0745) | 0.3358*** (0.0244) |
| Christian (religion) household head (dummy) | 0.7069 (0.5735) | 0.4940 (0.5840) | 0.8358 (0.0000) | 0.1756 (0.4078) | 1.0446*** (0.0519) | 0.3403*** (0.0231) |
| Urban households (dummy) | −0.3183*** (0.0224) | −0.4839*** (0.0223) | 0.0137 (0.0000) | 0.1558*** (0.0149) | 0.0348*** (0.0056) | 0.0007 (0.0031) |
| Proportion of child (0‐5 y) within household | 2.0859*** (0.0673) | 2.1782*** (0.0666) | 0.0130 (0.0000) | 0.2551*** (0.0470) | 0.0970*** (0.0192) | 0.0108 (0.0109) |
| Proportion of adults (over 65 y) within household | 0.9973*** (0.0537) | 0.6054*** (0.0530) | 0.0408 (0.0000) | 0.3550*** (0.0356) | 0.0574*** (0.0134) | 0.0269*** (0.0074) |
| Household size (members) | 0.1611*** (0.0053) | 0.1395*** (0.0052) | 0.0150 (0.0000) | 0.0530*** (0.0035) | 0.0243*** (0.0013) | 0.0074*** (0.0006) |
| ln (number of hospital beds per 1000 population) | −0.1587*** (0.0411) | 0.1927*** (0.0412) | 0.0190 (0.0000) | −0.2763*** (0.0294) | 0.0025 (0.0116) | −0.0235*** (0.0063) |
| ln (number of doctors per 100 000 population) | −0.0010 (0.0008) | 0.0001 (0.0008) | −0.0003 (0.0000) | −0.0001 (0.0006) | −0.0006*** (0.0002) | −0.0002 (0.0001) |
| ln (number of outpatient attendance per 100 000 population) | 0.0000 (0.0000) | −0.0001*** (0.0000) | −0.0000 (0.0000) | 0.0002*** (0.0000) | 0.0000 (0.0000) | −0.0000 (0.0000) |
| ln (number of inpatient stays per 100000 population) | −0.0019*** (0.0006) | −0.0035*** (0.0006) | −0.0002 (0.0000) | 0.0006 (0.0004) | −0.0003 (0.0002) | 0.0001 (0.0001) |
| ln (annual death rate per 1000 population) | 1.0112*** (0.1191) | 1.1430*** (0.1215) | 0.0628 (0.0000) | −0.2441** (0.1008) | 0.1248*** (0.0400) | 0.0091 (0.0184) |
| Observations | 106 023 | 106 029 | 106 029 | 106 029 | 106 029 | 106 029 |
| District FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Source: Authors estimation based on HIES 1990/1991, HIES 1995/1996, HIES 2002, HIES 2006/2007, HIES 2009/2010, HIES 2012/2013, Annual Health Statistics, Administrative data.
*
P < .1.
**
P < .05.
***
P < .01.