Figure 11.

Amide bond formation between surfaces and protein residues, catalyzed through EDC/NHS activation. a) Activation of electrode‐surface carboxylic acid groups and reaction with protein lysine residues. b) Activation of carboxylic acid groups on the protein surface and reaction with electrode surface amine groups. c) Owing to the presence of many amine/carboxylic acid moieties on protein surfaces; immobilization through EDC/NHS activation often leads to a dispersion in immobilized protein orientation.