Table 4.
Changes in physical parameters after daily intake of test food
| Measurements | Group | 0 weeks | 4 weeks | 8 weeks | 12 weeks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight (kg) | Placebo | Values | 69.12±5.54 | 69.14±5.47 | 68.89±5.42 | 68.86±5.57 |
| Δ | 0.02±0.60 | −0.22±0.91 | −0.26±0.96 | |||
| KPE | Values | 68.63±7.14 | 68.63±7.24 | 68.33±7.16 | 68.14±7.18 | |
| Δ | 0.00±0.75 | −0.54±0.97 | −0.48±1.13 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Placebo | Values | 27.16±1.52 | 27.17±1.57 | 27.07±1.56 | 27.06±1.58 |
| Δ | 0.01±0.24 | −0.09±0.37 | −0.10±0.37 | |||
| KPE | Values | 27.09±1.35 | 27.09±1.35 | 26.92±1.29 | 26.90±1.38 | |
| Δ | 0.01±0.29 | −0.22±0.38 | −0.19±0.45 | |||
| Total-Cho (mg/dL) | Placebo | Values | 211.9±29.9 | 209.4±27.2 | 215.6±28.4 | 215.1±28.4 |
| Δ | −2.5±15.4 | 3.6±18.5 | 3.1±20.3 | |||
| KPE | Values | 219.2±25.8 | 214.3±24.7 | 217.1±26.8 | 218.9±28.0 | |
| Δ | −4.9±14.8 | −1.9±18.5 | −0.3±16.0 | |||
| HDL-Cho (mg/dL) | Placebo | Values | 67.7±14.3 | 65.6±14.0 | 65.7±14.2 | 63.1±13.4 |
| Δ | −2.1±6.1 | −2.0±6.0 | −4.6±6.2 | |||
| KPE | Values | 67.6±16.2 | 65.3±15.2 | 64.3±15.8 | 63.1±13.7 | |
| Δ | −2.2±5.5 | −3.0±7.7 | −4.5±6.5 | |||
| LDL-Cho (mg/dL) | Placebo | Values | 130.5±26.4 | 127.1±27.6 | 133.9±30.6 | 132.2±25.5 |
| Δ | −3.4±15.4 | 3.4±18.0 | 1.7±16.9 | |||
| KPE | Values | 135.9±24.9 | 132.0±22.2 | 134.5±25.3 | 133.8±25.2 | |
| Δ | −3.9±11.9 | −1.5±16.4 | −2.1±13.2 | |||
| TGs (mg/dL) | Placebo | Values | 83.2±35.5 | 86.9±31.7 | 90.0±40.7 | 88.4±32.3 |
| Δ | 3.7±27.4 | 6.8±35.8 | 5.2±21.9 | |||
| KPE | Values | 102.6±67.0 | 91.6±36.9 | 98.5±57.7 | 92.3±54.9 | |
| Δ | −10.9±45.7 | −5.6±29.5 | −10.3±37.8a | |||
| FBG (mg/dL) | Placebo | Values | 85.7±7.3 | 86.5±7.3 | 86.5±7.7 | 88.6±9.2 |
| Δ | 0.8±4.9 | 0.8±6.2 | 2.9±6.6 | |||
| KPE | Values | 89.2±7.3a | 87.7±6.8 | 88.9±7.1 | 88.9±7.9 | |
| Δ | −1.5±4.9a | −0.4±6.0 | −0.3±5.3a | |||
| HbA1c (%) | Placebo | Values | 5.39±0.33 | Not measured | Not measured | 5.44±0.32 |
| Δ | 0.06±0.15 | |||||
| KPE | Values | 5.44±0.26 | Not measured | Not measured | 5.48±0.25 | |
| Δ | 0.04±0.19 |
Notes: Values are presented as mean±SD. Changes from the start of intake (0 weeks) are represented as delta (Δ). There were significant differences for the placebo group according to the Student’s t-test (aP<0.05).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Cho, cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; KPE, Kaempferia parviflora extract; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TGs, triglycerides.