Table 7.
Changes in biochemical parameters after daily intake of test food
| Measurements | Standard range | Group | 0 weeks | 4 weeks | 8 weeks | 12 weeks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TP (g/dL) | 6.7–8.3 | Placebo | 7.40±0.28 | 7.32±0.28 | 7.41±0.34 | 7.25±0.32 |
| KPE | 7.53±0.37 | 7.43±0.40 | 7.45±0.35 | 7.35±0.37 | ||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.8–5.2 | Placebo | 4.38±0.27 | 4.25±0.21 | 4.22±0.24 | 4.17±0.24 |
| KPE | 4.42±0.27 | 4.28±0.22 | 4.27±0.25 | 4.17±0.25 | ||
| T-bil (mg/dL) | 0.3–1.2 | Placebo | 0.76±0.26 | 0.78±0.26 | 0.74±0.27 | 0.78±0.28 |
| KPE | 0.78±0.26 | 0.78±0.28 | 0.80±0.26 | 0.80±0.26 | ||
| AST (U/L) | 10–40 | Placebo | 21.6±4.4 | 21.0±4.6 | 21.9±5.5 | 21.0±4.1 |
| KPE | 20.7±4.5 | 20.5±4.8 | 21.0±4.9 | 20.4±4.7 | ||
| ALT (U/L) | 5–40 | Placebo | 22.3±9.3 | 21.4±9.2 | 22.8±10.5 | 21.1±9.6 |
| KPE | 20.4±7.3 | 21.9±12.7 | 19.8±7.2 | 18.9±8.3 | ||
| γ-GTP (U/L) | M: 70 | Placebo | 29.2±22.3 | 30.2±30.3 | 29.7±23.5 | 28.6±21.7 |
| F: 30 | KPE | 26.1±16.3 | 27.0±18.8 | 24.4±15.7 | 24.6±17.3 | |
| LDH (U/L) | 115–245 | Placebo | 179.8±29.4 | 180.9±30.0 | 183.5±35.1 | 186.5±28.6 |
| KPE | 182.9±28.6 | 181.7±30.3 | 180.4±30.5 | 196.0±30.9 | ||
| ALP (U/L) | 115–359 | Placebo | 198.2±42.4 | 196.1±46.9 | 193.4±42.4 | 191.8±46.5 |
| KPE | 211.7±68.4 | 208.4±65.5 | 203.7±59.8 | 201.1±63.2 | ||
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | M: 3.7–7.0 | Placebo | 4.96±1.31 | 5.07±1.39 | 5.29±1.31 | 5.16±1.43 |
| F: 2.5–7.0 | KPE | 4.91±1.22 | 5.06±1.46 | 4.99±1.13 | 4.99±1.12 | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 8.0–22.0 | Placebo | 13.16±3.35 | 12.92±3.20 | 13.69±3.29 | 13.72±3.24 |
| KPE | 11.99±3.42 | 13.10±3.42 | 12.52±3.05 | 12.41±3.74 | ||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | M: 0.61–1.04 | Placebo | 0.642±0.098 | 0.625±0.113 | 0.677±0.085 | 0.664±0.090 |
| F: 0.47–0.79 | KPE | 0.651±0.144 | 0.637±0.151 | 0.677±0.145 | 0.674±0.140 |
Notes: Values are presented as mean±SD. There were no significant differences between the groups.
Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; KPE, Kaempferia parviflora extract; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; T-bil, total bilirubin; TP, total protein.