Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Two groups, controlled studies (randomised or non‐randomised, interventional or observational)	Reviews, editorials, qualitative studies or single‐arm before–after studies
Research question meets the following PICO (Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) criteria: (P) higher education (any discipline, any level) (I) flipped classroom learning in any format (C) traditional lecture‐based learning (O) academic performance (any Kirkpatrick level 2 to level 4 learning outcome)27	Outcome only reporting satisfaction or perception survey
	K‐12 education
	Control group not traditional lecture‐based learning
	Duplicate reporting (studies from same author or institution)
Quantitative outcomes data available	Self‐rated or self‐assessed academic outcomes
Post‐intervention assessment, change in pre–post intervention assessment	Pre‐intervention assessment or assessment during the process of intervention, such as quiz or homework
Any language