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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018 Jul 5;42(9):1572–1590. doi: 10.1111/acer.13811

Table 2.

Abbreviations: CGE-caudal ganglionic eminence; DG- dentate gyrus; DRN- dorsal raphe nuclei; EB- embryonic body; FACS- fluorescence activated cell sorting; HC- hippocampus; hESC- human embryonic stem cell; HPLC-high performance liquid chromatography; ICC- immunocytochemistry; MGE-medial ganglionic eminence; NPCs-neural progenitor cells; OPC- oligodendrocyte progenitor cell; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS- ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry

Derived cell type Starting cell type Reprogramming method Assays Publication
MGE-like cells hESCs
  • -

    Telencephatic induction: dual SMAD and Wnt inhibition

  • -

    Ventralization: rmShh and Purmophamine

  • -

    interneuron differentiation: neurobasal and neurotrophic factors
  • -

    Patch-clamp electrophysiology

  • -

    Population and single cell RNA seq

 Close et al. 2017
Excitatory forebrain neurons hiPSC-derived NPCs
  • -

    retroviral doxycycline-inducible vector with NGN2
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    Patch-clamp electrophysiology

  • -

    qPCR

  • -

    Axion multielectrode array

 Ho et al., 2016b
Neurons of different neurotransmitter phenotypes Human fibroblasts
  • -

    retroviral doxycycline-inducible vector with NGN2 and ASCL1
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    Whole-cell electrophysiology

  • -

    Whole genome expression array (Illumina)

 Ladewig et al. 2012
MGE- and CGE-like cells hiPSCs
  • -

    Telencephatic induction: IWP-2

  • -

    Ventralization: SHH activation and Wnt inhibition

  • -

    Rostralization and caudlization: FGF8 and FGF19, respectively
  • -

    FACS of fixed cells

  • -

    RT-PCR throughout development

  • -

    ICC after differentiation and after transplantation into mouse HC

 Anh et al. 2016
Serotonin neurons (rhombomeric segments 2-3 of DRN) hiPSCs
  • -

    Transformation to neural stem cells: dual SMAD and GSK3-β inhibition

  • -

    Transformation to serotonergic fate: Wnt and SHH activation
  • -

    qRT-PCR transcriptional profiling

  • -

    Whole cell electrophysiology

  • -

    HPLC/UPLC-ESI-MS/MS to measure serotonin release/uptake

 Lu et al. 2016
Serotonin neurons Human fibroblasts
  • -

    Lentiviral particles with ASCL1/NGN2 and NKX2.2/FEV/GATA2/LMX1N
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    Western Blot

  • -

    Whole transcriptome RNAseq

  • -

    Whole cell electrophysiology

  • -

    Ca2+ imaging with Fluo-4

 Vadodaria et al. 2016
Dopamine neurons hiPSCs
  • -

    Culturing of EBs in neural induction medium to generate neural stem cells

  • -

    Dopaminergic directed differentiation in defined media containing Shh and FGF8

  • -

    Shh and FGF8 withdrawal after 10 days, supplementation with BDNF and GDNF
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    Microarray

  • -

    PCR

  • -

    Transplantation into Parkinson’s rat model

 Swistowski et al. 2010
Dopamine neurons Human fibroblasts
  • -

    Doxycycline inducible vector with NURR1/MASH1/LMX1A
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    qRT-PCR

  • -

    Patch clamp

 Caiazzo et al. 2011
Astrocytes hiPSCs-derived NPCs
  • -

    30-day exposure to commercial astrocyte media (ScienCell and Lonza)
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    FACS

  • -

    qRT-PCR transcriptional profiling

  • -

    Protein array (ELISA)

  • -

    Ca2+ imaging with Fluo-4AM

  • -

    Phagocytosis assay

 Tcw et al., 2017
Hippocampal DG neurons hiPSC-derived EBs and NPCs
  • -

    Telencephalic induction: inhibition of Wnt, BMP, and TGF-β

  • -

    Dorsal enrichment: inhibition of SHH

  • -

    DG differentiation: Wnt3a and BDNF
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    qRT-PCR

  • -

    Whole cell electrophysiology

  • -

    Ca2+ imaging with Fluo4-A< and Synapsin-DsRed LV vector

  • -

    In vivo transplantation

 Yu et al. 2014
Microglia-like cells hiPSCs, with EB/NPC intermediate
  • -

    serum free neuroglial differentiation with TGF- β inhibition, CSF1, and IL-34
  • -

    Morphology characterization at differential concentrations of CSF1 and IL-34

  • -

    Endotoxin challenge cytokine profiling

  • -

    ICC

  • -

    qRT-PCR

  • -

    RNA-seq

  • -

    Gene ontology

 Muffat et al. 2016
Oligodendrocytes hiPSCs, with EB/NPC intermediate
  • -

    Dual SMAD inhibition to generate NPCs from EBs

  • -

    Retinoic acid for caudalization

  • -

    FGF-2 for ventrification

  • -

    FGF-2 withdrawal for glial differentiation

  • -

    Isolation of OPCs

  • -

    Mitogen withdrawal for final oligodendrocyte differentiation
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    Whole-cell electrophysiology

 Livesey et al. 2016
Oligodendrocytes hiPSC-derived NPCs
  • -

    Lentiviral induction with SOX10, OLIG2, NKX6.2 (SON)
  • -

    ICC

  • -

    Electron microscopy

  • -

    Flow cytometry

  • -

    Global gene expression profiling

  • -

    qRT-PCR

  • -

    Implantation in vivo

 Ehrlich et al. 2017