Table 4.

Direct and indirect effects analysis among all constructs.

Path	TI→BPN	TI→SDM	TI→PE	BPN→SDM	BPN→PE	SDM→PE
U15	β = 0.79	β = 0.71	β = 0.53	β = 0.91	β = 0.67	β = 0.74
	(90% CI = 0.621–0.879), p = 0.002	(90% CI = 0.513–0.842), p = 0.002	(90% CI = 0.364–0.664), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.792–0.986), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.532–0.792), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.630–0.841), p = 0.001
U17	β = 0.42	β = 0.24	β = 0.09	β = 0.58	β = 0.22	β = 0.37
	(90% CI = 0.252–0.587), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.132–0.388), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.041–0.171), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.450–0.701), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.127–0.334), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.228–0.510), p = 0.001
U19	β = 0.57	β = 0.28	β = 0.11	β = 0.49	β = 0.20	β = 0.41
	(90% CI = 0.428–0.714), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.162–0.425), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.056–0.221), p = <0.001	(90% CI = 0.331–0.618), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.110–0.331), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.263–0.563), p = 0.001
U21	β = 0.49	β = 0.27	β = 0.05	β = 0.55	β = 0.09	β = 0.17
	(90% CI = 0.314–0.678), p = < 0.001	(90% CI = 0.145–0.455), p = <0.001	(90% CI = 0.008–0.115), p = 0.043	(90% CI = 0.380–0.716), p = 0.001	(90% CI = 0.007–0.207), p = 0.008	(90% CI = 0.010–0.326), p = 0.084

TI, task-involving; BPN, basic psychological needs; SDM, self-determined motivation; PE, perceived effort.