Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| ASD (n = 15) |
Unaffected ASD siblings (n = 15) |
Statisticsa |
TDb (n = 15) |
TDc (n = 15) |
Statisticsd |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| df | t-value | P-value | df | t-value | P-value | |||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||
| Age (years) | 28.3 | 6.1 | 28.0 | 7.3 | 14 | 0.45 | 0.657 | 28.4 | 6.5 | 25.1 | 5.3 | 14 | 5.62 | <0.001 |
| Full IQ | 111.8 | 16.0 | 107.4 | 13.2 | 14 | 0.77 | 0.452 | 115.9 | 15.7 | 114.9 | 12.1 | 14 | 0.24 | 0.815 |
| Verbal IQ | 106.3 | 31.2 | 107.1 | 16.8 | 14 | 0.08 | 0.940 | 117.1 | 15.9 | 116.7 | 12.5 | 14 | 0.18 | 0.859 |
| Performance IQ | 108.1 | 16.4 | 105.3 | 9.8 | 14 | 0.62 | 0.547 | 109.4 | 13.6 | 107.7 | 7.9 | 14 | 0.42 | 0.678 |
| Handedness | 61.8 | 68.4 | 99.3 | 2.9 | 14 | 2.11 | 0.054 | 89.2 | 26.4 | 80.7 | 51.4 | 14 | 0.55 | 0.594 |
| ADI-Re | ||||||||||||||
| Social interaction | 20.7 | 6.3 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 13 | 11.56 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Communication (verbal) | 12.6 | 5.0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 13 | 8.83 | <0.001 | |||||||
| RRB | 3.9 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13 | 7.02 | <0.001 | |||||||
| AQ | ||||||||||||||
| Total | 34.2 | 6.2 | 19.4 | 6.9 | 12 | 6.27 | <0.001 | 17.6 | 5.5 | 14.9 | 6.0 | 14 | 1.12 | 0.280 |
| AS | 7.4 | 1.6 | 3.9 | 1.8 | 12 | 6.30 | <0.001 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 14 | 0.54 | 0.596 |
| ATD | 5.4 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 12 | 2.67 | 0.020 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 14 | 0.88 | 0.396 |
| COM | 7.6 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 12 | 4.16 | 0.001 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 14 | 0.50 | 0.625 |
| IMG | 6.0 | 2.0 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 12 | 2.31 | 0.040 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 14 | 1.26 | 0.229 |
| SS | 7.9 | 2.0 | 4.5 | 2.7 | 12 | 4.26 | 0.001 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 14 | 1.38 | 0.191 |
| SESf | 5.5 | 1.1 | 5.5 | 1.1 | 14 | 0.20 | 0.843 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 5.7 | 1.1 | 13 | 0.46 | 0.655 |
| Mean head motion | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 14 | 0.12 | 0.906 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 14 | 0.95 | 0.356 |
| Max head motion | 2.3 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 14 | 1.05 | 0.313 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 14 | 0.85 | 0.407 |
a
Statistics show the results of comparisons between adult males with ASD and their unaffected brothers.
b
Older siblings.
c
Younger siblings.
d
Statistics show the results of comparisons between typical older and younger siblings.
e
The ADI-R score was missing for one person.
f
A higher score indicates a lower socioeconomic status (Okada et al., 2014).
Abbreviations: AQ, autism-spectrum quotient; AS, attention switching/tolerance of change; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; ATD, attention to detail; COM, communication skills; IMG, imagination; IQ, intelligence quotient; RRB, restricted repetitive behaviors; SD, standard deviation; SES, socioeconomic status; SS, social skills; TD, typical development.