Figure 2.

Multiple potential neuroprotective mechanisms in Shh signaling pathway. In the presence of Shh, inactivated Ptch relieves its suppression on Smo to activate several downstream pathways. The neuroprotective mechanisms of Shh may involve enhancement of neurogenesis, gliogenesis, autophagy, mitochondrial function, BBB function, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Black solid or dashed arrows indicate promotion or increasing; red lines with an “T” and/or “X” indicate inhibition, suppression, or decreasing; blue arrows indicate translation.