Table 1.
Characteristics among the Parkinson’s cases and age- and sex-matched controls at index date.
| Variables | Control Group without PD n = 19,060 |
Case Group with PD n = 4765 |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 1.0000 | ||
| Female | 9624 (50.49%) | 2406 (50.49%) | |
| Male | 9436 (49.51%) | 2359 (49.51%) | |
| Age | 1.0000 | ||
| 40–69 | 5552 (29.13%) | 1388 (29.13%) | |
| ≥70 | 13,508 (70.87%) | 3377 (70.87%) | |
| Urbanization | <0.0001 | ||
| Level 1 | 10,369 (54.40%) | 2440 (51.21%) | |
| Level 2 | 5642 (29.60%) | 1256 (26.36%) | |
| Level 3 | 3049 (16.00%) | 1069 (22.43%) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Periodontal inflammatory disease | 8554 (44.88%) | 2322 (48.73%) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6925 (36.33%) | 2146 (45.04%) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 13,151 (69.00%) | 3784 (79.41%) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 9066 (47.57%) | 2601 (54.59%) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4996 (26.21%) | 1658 (34.80%) | <0.0001 |
| Depression | 646 (3.39%) | 447 (9.38%) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 3217 (16.88%) | 1669 (35.03%) | <0.0001 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 5678 (29.79%) | 2598 (54.52%) | <0.0001 |
| Dental scaling * | <0.0001 | ||
| No treatment | 9773 (51.27%) | 2282 (47.89%) | |
| Not 5 consecutive years | 8615 (45.2%) | 2336 (49.02%) | |
| For 5 consecutive years | 672 (3.53%) | 147 (3.08%) |
* The utilization of dental scaling was identified within the 5-year period prior to index date. PD: Parkinson’s disease.