Uterine Aspirate |
Targeted Proteomics |
Diagnosis |
ABRACL and PGAM2; KPYM, MMP9, to identify the disease; CTNB1, XPO2, and CAPG to discriminate between endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EEC) and serous endometrial carcinoma (SEC) |
[25,26] |
Targeted Sequencing |
Diagnosis |
PTEN, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, TP53, FGFR2, KRAS, CDKN2A (most common mutated genes in endometrial cancer (EC)) |
[8,27] |
Circulating Tumour Cells (CTC) |
EpCAM-Based Immunoisolation (CellSearch®) and IF |
Prognosis |
CK-8, CK-18, CK-19, ETV5, NOTCH1, SNAI1, TGFB1, ZEB1 and ZEB2
|
[28,29,30,31] |
Density-based Enrichment (Oncoquick) and RTqPCR |
Prognosis |
CCNE2, DKFZp762E1312, EMP2, MAL2, PPIC, and SLC6A8
|
[32] |
RTqPCR and flow cytometry |
Prognosis |
TTF-1 and the mRNA expression of: survivin, β-catenin, miR-15a, and PTEN
|
[33] |
Size-Based Enrichment (Metacell®) and Immunodetection |
Prognosis |
CTCs were defined based on: (i) cell size ≥ 15 μm; (ii) nuclear size ≥ 10 μm); (iii) irregularity of the nuclear contour; (iv) visible cytoplasm; (v) prominent nucleoli; (vi) high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio; (vii) cluster presence; (viii) mitosis presence. |
[34] |
Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) |
Flow Cytometry |
Diagnosis |
VEGFR2/KDR and CD34 |
[35] |
Cell Free DNA (cfDNA) |
PCR-RFLP |
Prognosis |
KRAS
|
[36] |
RTqPCR |
Prognosis |
Alu sequences |
[37] |
Alu-RTqPCR |
Prognosis |
cfDNA content and integrity index |
[38] |
NGS |
Diagnosis |
Copy number variations (CNVs) |
[39] |
Circulating Tumour DNA (ctDNA) |
Droplet Digital PCR |
Response to Treatment |
Various tumour-specific fusions and mutations in ctDNA |
[40] |
Circulating miRNA |
RTqPCR |
Diagnosis/Prognosis |
miR-99a/miR-199b, miR-9/miR-1228 and miR-9/miR-92a, miR-222, miR-223, miR-186, miR-204 and miR-21 |
[38,39,40,41] |