Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the 903 participants, aged 65 years and above, from the EUREYE-Spain Study and the Valencia Nutrition Survey in Spain, according to the type of coffee consumption.
| No Coffee Consumption | Caffeinated Coffee | Decaffeinated Coffee | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | Yes | p 1 | |
| N (%) | 273 (30.2) | 340 (37.7) | 290 (32.1) | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 90 (23.0) | 185 (47.2) | 117 (29.8) | |
| Women | 183 (35.8) | 155 (30.3) | 173 (33.9) | <0.001 |
| Age, n (%) | ||||
| <75 years | 151 (26.6) | 240 (42.3) | 176 (31.0) | |
| ≥75 years | 122 (36.3) | 100 (29.8) | 114 (33.9) | <0.001 |
| Educational level, n (%) | ||||
| <Primary | 197 (33.5) | 193 (32.8) | 198 (33.7) | |
| >Primary | 76 (24.1) | 147 (46.7) | 92 (29.2) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), n (%) | ||||
| <25 | 58 (34.7) | 60 (35.9) | 49 (29.3) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 117 (27.9) | 170 (40.6) | 132 (31.5) | |
| ≥30 | 97 (31.2) | 110 (35.4) | 104 (33.4) | 0.40 |
| Waist circumference, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 26 (26.8) | 42 (43.3) | 29 (29.9) | |
| Moderate | 57 (27.9) | 95 (46.6) | 52 (25.5) | |
| Large | 185 (31.4) | 202 (34.2) | 203 (34.4) | 0.02 |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 206 (35.9) | 176 (30.7) | 192 (33.4) | |
| Current/Past | 66 (20.2) | 164 (50.2) | 97 (29.6) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||
| 0 g/day | 175 (43.4) | 88 (21.8) | 140 (34.7) | |
| <12.0 g/day | 68 (23.9) | 127 (44.7) | 89 (31.3) | |
| ≥12.0 g/day | 30 (13.9) | 125 (57.9) | 61 (28.2) | <0.001 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake, n (%) | ||||
| <4.3 servings/day | 101 (33.6) | 109 (36.2) | 91 (30.2) | |
| 4.3–6.0 servings/day | 91 (30.2) | 109 (36.2) | 101 (33.6) | |
| >6.0 servings/day | 81 (26.9) | 122 (40.5) | 98 (32.6) | 0.44 |
| Physical Activity at work, n (%) | ||||
| Low | 104 (35.6) | 87 (29.8) | 101 (34.6) | |
| Moderate-high | 169 (27.7) | 253 (41.4) | 189 (30.9) | 0.002 |
| Physical activity at Leisure time, n (%) | ||||
| Low | 153 (30.3) | 177 (35.0) | 175 (34.7) | |
| Moderate-high | 113 (29.2) | 160 (41.3) | 114 (29.5) | 0.12 |
| Diabetes 2 n (%) | 50 (28.6) | 54 (30.8) | 71 (40.6) | 0.02 |
| Cholesterol 2 n (%) | 55 (30.4) | 59 (32.6) | 67 (37.0) | 0.17 |
| Hypertension 2 n (%) | 120 (33.4) | 99 (27.6) | 140 (39.0) | <0.001 |
| Sleeping time (hours/day), mean (SD) | 7.7 (2.2) | 7.9 (1.8) | 7.7 (1.9) | 0.23 |
| Energy intake (Kcals/day), mean (SD) | 1663 (461) | 1949 (596) | 1800 (541) | 0.001 |
1p-value from chi-square and ANOVA tests. 2 Self-reported diabetes (no/yes), high cholesterol (no/yes) and hypertension (no/yes).