Table 2.
Associated factors with coffee consumption (caffeinated and decaffeinated) in elderly population, aged 65 years and above, from the EUREYE-Spain Study and the Valencia Nutrition Survey in Spain.
| Caffeinated Coffee | Decaffeinated Coffee | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRR 1 (95% CI) | p | RRR 1 (95% CI) | p | |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Women | 1.37 (0.78–2.41) | 0.27 | 1.27 (0.73–2.21) | 0.39 |
| Age | ||||
| <75 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥75 years | 0.64 (0.43–0.94) | 0.02 | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | 0.34 |
| Educational level | ||||
| <Primary school | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥Primary school | 1.63 (1.09–2.44) | 0.01 | 1.11 (0.73–1.67) | 0.63 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| Normal (<25) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 1.72 (0.99–2.99) | 0.05 | 1.49 (0.84–2.64) | 0.17 |
| Obesity (≥30) | 2.03 (1.05–3.95) | 0.04 | 1.41 (0.72–2.74) | 0.31 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Moderate | 0.94 (0.47–1.90) | 0.87 | 0.74 (0.37–1.59) | 0.48 |
| Large | 0.58 (0.27–1.23) | 0.15 | 0.77 (0.38–1.74) | 0.61 |
| Tobacco smoking | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Current/Past | 1.96 (1.13–3.39) | 0.02 | 1.45 (0.84–2.51) | 0.18 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| 0.0 g/day | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| <12.0 g/day | 2.86 (1.87–4.36) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.03–2.37) | 0.04 |
| ≥12.0 g/day | 6.25 (3.56–10.95) | <0.001 | 2.63 (1.49–4.64) | 0.001 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||
| <4.3 servings/day | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 4.3–6.0 servings/day | 0.88 (0.56–1.38) | 0.57 | 1.03 (0.66–1.60) | 0.89 |
| >6.0 servings/day | 0.83 (0.51–1.36) | 0.46 | 0.99 (0.61–1.63) | 0.98 |
| Physical activity at Leisure time | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Moderate-high | 0.78 (0.53–1.15) | 0.21 | 0.74 (0.51–1.09) | 0.13 |
| Physical activity at work | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Moderate-high | 1.53 (1.00–2.38) | 0.06 | 1.27 (0.84–1.94) | 0.26 |
| Diabetes 2 | 1.29 (0.79–2.09) | 0.31 | 1.67 (1.06–2.62) | 0.02 |
| Cholesterol 2 | 0.94 (0.58–1.53) | 0.81 | 1.18 (0.76–1.85) | 0.46 |
| Hypertension 2 | 0.67 (0.45–0.98) | 0.04 | 1.35 (0.93–1.95) | 0.11 |
| Sleeping time (in hours) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.59 | 0.98 (0.90–1.08) | 0.70 |
| Energy intake (x100 kcals) | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) | 0.01 |
1 Adjusted relative risk ratios (RRR) from multinomial logistic regression. All variables in the table were included in the model. 2 Self-reported diabetes, high cholesterol and hypertension.