Table 3.
School water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions at baseline and average over five follow-up rounds, and comparisons western Kenya 2012–2013.
| WASH Indicators | Baseline Conditions (Rd 0) | Average Conditions (Rd 1–5) | Change from Baseline to Average Follow-up | Change Across 5 Follow-up Rounds | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cup | Pad | U.P. | Differ Across Groups | Cup | Pad | U.P. | Differ Across Groups | Cup | Pad | U.P. | Cup | Pad | U.P. | |
|
n = 10 N = 10 |
n = 10 N = 10 |
n = 10 N = 10 |
n = 50 N = 10 |
n = 50 N = 10 |
n = 50 N = 10 |
n = 60 N = 10 |
n = 60 N = 10 |
n = 60 N = 10 |
n = 50 N = 10 |
n = 50 N = 10 |
n = 50 N = 10 |
|||
| Observed WASH |
No.
(%) |
No.
(%) |
No.
(%) |
CMH
p-value |
No.
(%) |
No.
(%) |
No.
(%) |
CMH
p-value |
Paired t-test,
p-value |
paired t-test,
p-value |
paired t-test,
p-value |
Wald F test,
p-value |
Wald F test,
p-value |
Wald F test,
p-value |
| Water for handwashing (HW) | 10 (100%) | 10 (100%) | 10 (100%) | † | 42 (84%) | 40 (80%) | 45 (90%) |
0.3794 | 0.0548 | 0.0319 * | 0.3434 | 0.2653 | 0.2019 | 1.0 |
| Soap for HW | 0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
1.0000 | 13 (26%) | 14 (28%) | 15 (30%) |
0.9062 | 0.0037 * | 0.0165 * | 0.0030 * | 0.0100 * | 0.0585 | 0.0453 * |
| Girls’ separate latrine bank | 10 (100%) | 10 (100%) | 10 (100%) | † | 47 (95.9%) | 50 (100%) | 50 (100%) |
0.1281 | 0.1679 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.5807 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
| Privacy wall at girls’ latrine | 4 (40%) |
6 (60%) |
6 (60%) |
0.5958 | 26 (53.1%) | 36 (72%) | 24 (48%) |
0.0387 * | 0.4417 | 0.4344 | 0.2393 | 0.8989 | 0.5951 | 0.3758 |
| Washing water at girls’ latrine | 3 (30%) |
1 (10%) |
2 (20%) |
0.5465 | 12 (24.5%) | 14 (28%) | 13 (26%) |
0.9241 | 0.7304 | 0.2247 | 0.3434 | 0.7148 | 0.4028 | 0.4152 |
| Private place to change or wash | 5 (50%) | 3 (30%) |
3 (30%) |
0.5741 | 23 (46.9%) | 24 (48%) | 17 (34%) |
0.2928 | 0.7263 | 0.1823 | 0.5911 | 0.0442 * | 0.5193 | 0.4846 |
| Reported WASH |
No.
(%) |
No.
(%) |
No.
(%) |
CMH
p-value |
No. (%) |
No.
(%) |
No.
(%) |
CMH
p-value |
Paired t-test,
p-value |
Paired t-test,
p-value |
Paired t-test,
p-value |
Wald F test,
p-value |
Wald F test,
p-value |
Wald F test, p-value |
| School “Always” supplies HW water | 10 (100%) |
5 (50%) |
8 (80%) |
0.3416 | 48 (96%) | 46 (92%) | 45 (90%) |
0.1335 | 0.1679 | 0.3434 | 0.1679 | 0.0785 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| HW water today | 9 (90%) |
8 (80%) |
8 (80%) |
0.7929 | 45 (90%) | 43 (86%) | 46 (92%) |
0.7468 | 1.0000 | 0.6637 | 0.3938 | 0.4648 | 0.3025 | 0.9081 |
| School “Always” supplies soap | 1 (10%) | 1 (10%) | 0 (0%) |
0.5958 | 37 (74%) | 30 (60%) | 30 (60%) |
0.2417 | 0.0017 * | 0.0009 * | 0.0011 * | <0.001 * | 0.0014 * | 0.0016 * |
| Soap for HW today | 0 (0%) |
1 (10%) |
0 (0%) |
0.3679 | 31 (62%) | 25 (50%) | 23 (46%) |
0.4226 | <0.001 * | 0.0296 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.2424 | 0.0100 |
| School “Always” has latrine cleaning supplies | 1 (10%) |
2 (20%) |
4 (40%) |
0.8704 | 20 (40%) | 13 (26%) | 19 (38%) |
0.2706 | 0.0852 | 0.0343 * | 0.0629 | 0.0858 | 0.0307 * | 0.1869 |
| Latrines cleaning supplies today | 1 (10%) |
2 (20%) |
3 (30%) |
0.5465 | 24 (48%) | 27 (54%) | 27 (54%) |
0.7876 | 0.0550 | 0.710 | 0.2647 | 0.1233 | 0.9748 | 0.4604 |
| Washing water in girls’ latrines | 7 (70%) |
5 (50%) |
8 (80%) |
0.3624 | 38 (76%) | 37 (74%) | 28 (56%) |
0.0608 | 0.4433 | 0.0714 | 0.2367 | 0.3405 | 0.2898 | 0.8391 |
* Significant difference; † = variables part of eligibility criteria; n = number of visits to schools; N = Number of schools; U.P. = usual practice. WASH: Water, sanitation and hygiene.