Table 2.
Studies on (−)-oleocanthal effects on cancer and CVDs in the last five years.
| Sample | Treatments | Main Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and BT-474) | (−)-Oleocanthal (10–100 ng/mL for 24, 48 and 72 h) | (−)-Oleocanthal inhibits growth and causes a dose-dependent inhibition of HGF-induced cell migration, invasion and G1/S cell cycle progression. | [100] |
| Human pancreatic (BxPC3), prostate (PC3) and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cells | (−)-Oleocanthal (0.2–20 µM for 4, 24, 48 and 72 h) | (−)-Oleocanthal induces cell death, primary necrotic and apoptotic cell death via induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization. | [102] |
| Human breast cancer (MCF-7, T47D) metastatic breast cancer (MDA-MB-2318), CRC (Caco-2) and adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells | (−)-Oleocanthal (10 μM for 72 h on MDA-MB-231) | (−)-Oleocanthal shows anti-proliferative against several breast cancer cell lines and down-regulates the levels of p-mTOR in the metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). | [103] |
| Human hepatocellular cell lines (Huh-7, HepG2 and HCCLM3) | (−)-Oleocanthal (0–80 µM for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h) | (−)-Oleocanthal inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma by inactivating STAT3. | [101] |
| Human breast cancer cells (BT-474, MCF-7 and T-47D) | (−)-Oleocanthal (5–60 µM for 48 h in BT-474 and MCF-7 cells; 10–100 µM for 24 and 48 h in T-47D cells) | (−)-Oleocanthal suppresses growth of all cancer cells, in part, by reducing total levels of ERα. | [104] |
| Female athymic nude Foxn1nu/Foxn1+ mice (4–5 weeks old) in human tumor xenograft model | Intraperitoneally injected (−)-oleocanthal (5 mg/kg, 3 d/week, 33 d starting 5 d after inoculation) | (−)-Oleocanthal suppresses tumor growth. | [100] |
| BALB/c athymic nude mice a in vivo human lung metastasis model hepatocellular (4–6 weeks old, male) | Intraperitoneally injected (−)-oleocanthal (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg, daily, 5 weeks) | (−)-Oleocanthal suppresses hepatocellular tumor growth and impedes carcinoma metastasis in lung by inactivating STAT3. | [101] |
| Female thymic nudeFoxn1nu/Foxn1+ mice (4–5 weeks old) inoculated with BT-474 cells | Intraperitoneally injected (−)-oleocanthal (5 mg/kg per d or 10 mg/kg, 3 d/week, 43 d) | (−)-Oleocanthal reduces total levels of estrogen receptors in BT-474 cells. | [104] |