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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 4.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Apr 8;173(7):518–523. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2851

Table 4.

Relationship Between PPI Dose (Predictor) and 1-Year Mortality (Outcome)

PPI Usea No. of Patients HR (95% CI)b P Value
None 317 1 [Reference]
Low-dose PPIs 146 1.34 (0.73–2.69) .77
High-dose PPIs 28 2.59 (1.22–7.16) .007

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.

a

Patients receiving dosages of 10 to 20 mg/d for omeprazole magnesium, 10 to 20 mg/d for pantoprazole sodium, 15 mg/d for lansoprazole, 10 mg/d for rabeprazole sodium, or 20 mg/d for esomeprazole magnesium were classified as receiving low-dose PPIs. Those receiving dosages of 40 mg/d for omeprazole magnesium, 40 mg/d for pantoprazole sodium, 30 mg/d for lansoprazole, 20 mg/d for rabeprazole sodium, or 40 mg/d for esomeprazole magnesium were classified as receiving high-dose PPIs.

b

Indicates time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, hypoalbuminemia, cognitive impairment, depression, dependency in activities of daily living, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale comorbidity score, cardiovascular diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, infectious disease, fracture, the number of drugs at discharge, antithrombotic use, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.