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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018 May 9;350:64–77. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.006

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Sodium butyrate treatment in GWI improves circulatory DAMPs. Similar to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), the endogenous molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns or DAMPs (such as HMGB1) are linked with proinflammatory responses in distal organs. A. Western blot analysis of serum high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and serum adipokine leptin from samples of vehicle control group of mice (Veh, n = 3), gulf war chemical treated group of mice (GWI, n = 3) and a group of mice co-exposed with GWI and sodium butyrate (GWI + NaBT, n = 3). Ponceau S staining was done to see the equal loading of serum proteins and used for normalization of protein expression. B–C. Graphical representation of morphometric analysis of HMGB1 and leptin western blot bands. The data was normalized to a total serum protein (Ponceau S). Y-axis depicts the HMGBl/Ponceau S ratio (B) and leptin/Ponceau S ratio (C) from Veh, GWI and GWI + NaBT groups. *p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. D-E. Graphical representation of serum HMGB1 (D) and serum leptin (E) in ng/mL of the samples of vehicle control group of mice (Veh, n = 3), gulf war chemical treated group of mice (GWI, n = 3) and a group of mice co-exposed with GWI and sodium butyrate (GWI + NaBT, n = 3).