Table 1.
Characteristics of the 1155 participants aged 65 plus according to diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome.
| Participants with metabolic syndrome (n = 268) n (%) or mean ± SD |
Participants without metabolic syndrome (n = 887) n (%) or mean ± SD |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics & lifestyle habits | |||
| Age (years) | 75 ± 7 | 76 ± 8 | .072 |
| Sex (female) | 182 (68.3%) | 472 (53.2%) | <.0001 |
| Education (years) | 5 ± 3 | 5.4 ± 3.4 | .132 |
| Current alcohol consumptiona | 8.8 ± 7.7 | 10.4 ± 9.6 | .021 |
| Smokingb | 11.6 ± 21.6 | 12.7 ± 21.3 | .058 |
| Protein consumption (g/Kg/day) | 1.01 ± 0.30 | 1.16 ± 0.32 | <.0001 |
| Total lipids consumption (g/Kg/day) | 0.9 ± 0.27 | 1.0 ± 0.31 | <.0001 |
| Carbohydrates consumption (g/Kg/day) | 3.27 ± 1.14 | 3.88 ± 1.21 | <.0001 |
| Total energy (kcal/Kg/day) | 25.10 ± 7.28 | 29.90 ± 8.36 | <.0001 |
| Comorbid conditions | |||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 21 (7.8%) | 68 (7.7%) | .897 |
| Heart failure | 28 (10.4%) | 31 (3.5%) | <.0001 |
| Stroke | 25 (9.3%) | 60 (6.8%) | .182 |
| Arthritis | 27 (10.1%) | 89 (10.1%) | .999 |
| Parkinson's disease | 2 (0.7%) | 14(1.6%) | .387 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 45 (16.8%) | 79 (8.9%) | <.0001 |
| Coronary disease | 33 (12.3%) | 48 (5.4%) | <.0001 |
| Charlson comorbidity score index | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | <.0001 |
| Medications | |||
| Beta-blockers | 7 (2.6%) | 20 (2.3%) | .817 |
| Corticosteroids | 4 (1.5%) | 19(2.1%) | .624 |
| ACE-Ic | 51 (19%) | 109 (12.3%) | .006 |
| Loop diuretics | 38 (14.2%) | 67 (7.6%) | .002 |
| NSAIDs | 7 (2.6%) | 13 (1.5%) | .282 |
| Antiplatelets | 41 (15.3%) | 86 (9.7%) | .014 |
| Objective tests | |||
| Total proteins (g/dl) | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | .065 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | .306 |
| Interleukin 6 (pg/ml) | 2.6 ± 5.8 | 2.2 ± 3.6 | .141 |
| CRP-HS (mgml)d | 6.7 ± 12.5 | 5.0 ± 8.3 | .012 |
| Mini Mental State Examination | 24 ± 4 | 24 ± 6 | .170 |
| CES-De | 14 ± 9 | 13 ± 8 | .037 |
| Body mass index at baseline | 30 ± 4.3 | 26.5 ± 3.6 | <.0001 |
| Body mass index at follo-upf | 28.7 ± 4 | 25.7 ± 3.6 | <.0001 |
| Hemoglobin at baseline (g/dL) | 13.8 ± 1.4 | 13.9 ± 1.4 | .433 |
| Hand grip (Kg) | 25.9 ± 11.2 | 29.5 ± 12.1 | <.0001 |
| Baseline ADLs disabilityg | 15 (5.6%) | 61 (6.9%) | .574 |
| Incident ADLs disabilityf,g | 64 (24%) | 278 (31%) | .022 |
| Baseline IADLs disabilityh | 46(17.2%) | 171 (19.3%) | .476 |
| Incident IADLs disabilityf,h | 52 (23%) | 145 (21.6%) | .710 |
a
Number of weekly wine glasses.
b
Total lifetime pack years.
c
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors.
d
High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein.
e
20-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale.
f
Number of participants after three-year of follow-up: 897.
g
Defined by impairment in 2+ activities of Daily Living.
h
Defined by impairment in 2+ Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.