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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Health Educ Behav. 2017 Jul 17;45(1):32–42. doi: 10.1177/1090198117709884

Figure 4. Changes in perceived risk of smoking-related conditions index over time.

Figure 4.

a Means adjusted for age, sex, education, income, daily smoking, wave, and time-in-sample; Indices were standardized (range: 0 to 2) by averaging the responses to the number of smoking-related conditions included in each country’s HWL content, that is, 4 for Australia, 3 for Canada, 2 for Mexico, and 1 for the United States; Numbers of observations were 2,292 in Australia, 2,554 in Canada, 2,246 in Mexico, and 2,474 in the United States, and the numbers of smokers were 1,036 in Australia, 1,190 in Canada, 1,166 in Mexico, and 1,229 in the United States; Data were collected once every four months from September 2012 (Wave 1) to January 2014 (Wave 5) in Australia, Canada, and Mexico. For Australia, only the four waves of data after policy implementation were used for analysis, since new HWLs were introduced 3 months after data collection started. Data collection started one wave later in the United States due to parent project aims, producing four waves of data.

***P < .001, **p < .01 for linear trend