Table 1.

Outcomes evaluated after the index date in each risk cohort

Outcome	Definition applied after the index date (during follow-up period)a
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	• Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or
	• One or more prescriptions for antidiabetic medicationb and/or
	• HbA1c value ≥6.5%
Cardio-/cerebrovascular disease	• Myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke diagnosis
Myocardial infarction	• Myocardial infarction diagnosis
Heart failure	• Heart failure diagnosis
Cerebrovascular accident	• Cerebrovascular accident diagnosis
Dyslipidemia	• Dyslipidemia diagnosis and/or total cholesterol reading >6.5 mmol/L, and/or low-density lipoprotein reading >4 mmol/L, and/or triglyceride reading ≥2.3 mmol/L
Hypertension	• Hypertension diagnosis
Weight gain	• An increase in BMI of ≥1 kg/m2 compared with the last BMI in the 5 years before the index date
Osteoporosis diagnosis	• Osteoporosis diagnosis
Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture	• Osteoporosis diagnosis AND
	• Likely osteoporotic fracture (hip, wrist, or vertebral fracture)
Glaucoma	• Glaucoma diagnosis and/or treatment for glaucoma
Cataract	• Cataract diagnosis or surgery for cataract
Renal impairment	• Chronic kidney disease stage 3a+ diagnosis, or eGFR <60 mL/min/1.72 m2, or dialysis or renal transplant
Peptic ulcer	• Peptic ulcer diagnosis
Depression/anxiety	• Depression/anxiety diagnosis or depression/anxiety diagnosis and prescription of antidepressants
Sleep apnea	• Sleep apnea diagnosis and/or referral to sleep clinic and use of a continuous positive airway pressure device
Pneumonia	• Pneumonia diagnosis

Notes:

^aDiagnoses were defined as diagnostic Read codes recorded after the index date. See Table S1 for exclusion criteria specific to each risk cohort.

^bPatients with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ≥1 metformin prescriptions in the follow-up period were excluded because metformin is given as treatment for PCOS.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.