Table 2.

Frequency of altered intracellular molecular pathways in pancreatic cancer [32]

Altered Pathways	Mutated Genes	Reported frequency
KRAS Activation	KRAS, MAPK4	92%
Cell Cycle, GI/S Checkpoint Disruption	TP53, CDKN2A, TP53BP2	78%
TGF Beta Signaling	SMAD3, SMAD4, TGF, TGPBR1, TGFBR2, ACVR1B andACVR2A	47%
Histone Modification	KDM6A, SETD2, ASCOM Complex members MLL2 and MLL3	24%
DNA Repair	BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, PALB2, SATF2	17% (5% germline, 12% somatic)
RNA Processing	SF3B1, U2AF1, RBM10	16%
SWI/SNF Complex	ARID1A, ARID1B, PBRM1 and SMARCA4	14%
WNT Signaling	RNF43, MAPK2, TLE4	5%