Table 2.

Symbols used in this article

Symbol	Definition
G	The additive genetic variance‐covariance matrix
G anc	The ancestral G matrix, estimated using maximum likelihood.
g max	The largest eigenvector of G; describes the combination of traits that represent the most genetic variance.
D	The among‐species divergence matrix; describes the phenotypic differentiation among the species in the study, calculated as a variance‐covariance matrix of species means.
d i	The eigenvectors of D; the largest eigenvector, d 1, describes the combination of traits with that captures the most divergence among taxa.
H	The common subspace of genetic variation for all seven species; describes the orientations of trait space that share the most genetic variation and is defined using the first four eigenvectors of each G matrix.
h i	The eigenvectors of H; h 1 is an analog of g max that describes the major axes of genetic variance shared across species.
E i	The eigentensors describing subspaces in which G varies across species.
e ij	The jth eigenvector of the ith eigentensor; describes trait combinations for which genetic variance has diverged among all species.
M	The variance‐covariance matrix of per‐generation mutational input.
θ	The vector angle, given in degrees.
G	Genetic variance explained by a given eigenvector in a common subspace.
D	Divergence explained by a given eigenvector in a common subspace.
DG	Divergence in G explained by a given eigenvector in a common subspace.