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. 2018 Aug 15;19(8):2411. doi: 10.3390/ijms19082411

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Two major signaling axes in IGF-1-mediated EMTs in human breast, lung, and gastric cancers. IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling axis via IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/NF-κB and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways leads to the activation of EMT markers, namely ZEB1/2, SNAIL1 and TWIST1. The interplay between IGF-1 and TGF-β signaling pathways for EMT induction is also indicated. The key mediators involved in EMT induction by IGF-1 are labeled with (#) in breast, (§) in lung cancers and (*) in gastric. WISP3: WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 3; TM4SF4: transmembrane 4L six family member 4; ANXA2: annexin A2; CBLB: Cbl proto-oncogene B; IFITM2: interferon induced transmembrane protein 2; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MUC1: mucin1; DDR1: discoidin domain receptor 1; MEMO1: mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility 1; PTP: phosphotyrosine phosphatase; FAK: focal adhesion kinase.