Table 2.
The bioactive compounds (intermediate molecular weight, 300-500 g/mol) and their antimelanogenic activity.
| Bioactive Compounds | Description | ICp | ICm | ICt | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Fluoxetine |
Formula: C17H18F3NO MW: 309.33 Origin: Synthetic Log P: 4.27 |
PO | ~50% (10 µM) | ~80% (10 µM) | [46] |
 Biochanin A |
Formula: C17H18O5 MW:302.12 Origin: Trifolium pratense Log P: 0.92 |
- | ~50% (176 µM) | ~40% (176 µM) | [3] |
 Kojic acid palmitate |
Formula: C22H36O5 MW:380.52 Origin: Synthetic Log P: 3.86 |
- | ~40% (62.5 ug/mL) | ~37% (62.5 ug/mL) | [40] |
 Omeprazole |
Formula: C17H19N3O3S MW: 345.42 Origin: Synthetic Log P: 2.17 |
63% (60 µM) | ~60% (60 µM) | ~50% (60 µM) | [53] |
 Linderanolide B |
Formula: C19H32O3 MW: 308.46 Origin: Cinnamomum subavenium Log P: 4.91 |
PO | - | - | [71,72,73] |
 Subamolide A |
Formula: C20H36O4 MW: 340.50 Origin: Cinnamomum subavenium Log P: 5.68 |
PO | - | - | [71,72,73] |
 5-iodotubercidin |
Formula: C13H21IN4O4 MW: 424.23 Origin: Marine red alga Log P: −0.75 |
PO | - | - | [74] |
 Picrionoside A |
Formula: C18H30O7 MW:358.43 Origin: Ginseng Log P: 0.89 |
PO | - | - | [75] |
 Trans-Dihydromorin |
Formula: C15H12O7 MW: 304.25 Origin: Morus alba Wood Log P: 0.58 |
PO | - | - | [51] |
 Compound 6d |
Formula: C21H24NO4 MW:344.41 Origin: Synthetic Log P: ~4 |
~40–55%, 50 µM | - | - | [52] |
 (i.e., Glyceollin I) |
Formula: C20H18O5 MW:338.35 Origin: Soybean Log P: 2.53 |
PO | ~30% (10 µM) | ~60% (10 µM) | [76] |
 Arctigenin |
Formula: C21H24O6 MW:372.41 Origin: Fructus Arctii Log P: 3.51 |
PO | - | - | [58] |
 Gomisin N |
Formula: C23H28O6 MW:400.46 Origin: Schisandra chinensis Log P: 4.95 |
PO | 40% (30 µM) | - | [54] |
 Haginin A |
Formula: C17H16O5 MW:300.31 Origin: Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Log P: 2.45 |
PO | - | ~55% (4 µM) | [77] |
 Oleoylethanolamide |
Formula: C21H43NO MW:325.57 Origin: Intestine Log P: 6.31 |
67% (100 µM) 49.5% (150 µM) |
- | - | [78] |
 Glabridin |
Formula: C20H20O4 MW:324.37 Origin: Glycyrrhiza glabra Log P: 3.73 |
No effect | - | - | [62] |
 Suloctidil |
Formula: C30H55NOS MW:477.83 Origin: Synthetic Log P: 9.56 |
PO | - | - | [79] |
 MEK-1 |
Formula: C19H18N6S MW:362.45 Origin: Synthetic Log P: 1.48 |
PO | - | - | [41] |
Note: MW, molecular weight (g/mol); ICp, phenotype pigmentation level; ICm, melanin content level; ICt, tyrosinase activity level; PO, Phenotype observation. ICp, ICm and ICt in percentage (%) as compared to untreated control.