Table 4.
The bioactive compounds, crude and formulation and their antimelanogenic activity.
| Bioactive Compounds/Crude/Formulation | Description | ICp | ICm | ICt | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbal prescription LASAP-C | Origin: four herbal medicines-Rehmanniae Radix Crudus, Lycii Fructus, Scutellariae Radix, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix | PO | - | - | [87] |
| Salix alba bark extract | Origin: Salix alba | - | 40% 400 ug/mL | - | [85] |
| (+)-Dehydrovomifoliol, (6R,7E,9R)-9-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one, (3S,5R,8R)-3,5-dihydroxymegastigma-6,7-dien-9-one, roseoside, and citroside A | Origin: Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) dropping | PO | - | - | [7] |
| Magnolia officalis extract | Origin: Magnolia officalis | PO | Melanin 70–80%, 6.25 ug/mL | 60–70%, 6.25 ug/mL | [67] |
| Ganoderma formosanum mycelium extract | Origin: Ganoderma formosanum | - | 50% (400 ppm) | 50%, (400 ppm) | [44,90] |
| Flavonoid | Origin: Blumea balsamifera L. | - | 42% (300 ug/mL) | - | [66] |
| Marine Pseudomonas Extract | Origin: Pseudomonas sp | PO | - | - | [88] |
| Anoectochilus extract | Origin: Anoectochilus | PO | - | - | [86] |
| Anoectochilus roxburghii extract | Origin: Anoectochilus roxburghii | PO | - | - | [56] |
| Alcohol extracts of Narcissus bulb | Origin: Narcissus | PO | - | - | [89] |
| Ethanol Extract of Discorea nipponica Makino |
Origin: Discorea nipponica | PO | 50% (25 ug/mL) | - | [91] |
Note: MW, molecular weight (g/mol); ICp, phenotype pigmentation level; ICm, melanin content level; ICt, tyrosinase activity level; PO, Phenotype observation. ICp, ICm and ICt in percentage (%) as compared to untreated control.