Table 1.
Comparison for patient characteristics and treatments (n = 2495)
| All patients (n = 2495) | Closed ICU (n = 1516) | Open ICU (n = 979) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In-hospital surgical ICU | 50 (2.0%) | 50 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001* |
| In-hospital general ICU | 1168 (46.8%) | 644 (42.5%) | 5234 (53.5%) | < 0.001* |
| Emergency ICU | 1277 (51.2%) | 822 (54.2%) | 455 (46.5%) | < 0.001* |
| Number of beds (IQR†) | 12 [8–18] | 10 [6–18] | 12 [10–20] | < 0.001* |
| SOFA score (IQR†) | 9 [7–12] | 9 [7–13] | 9 [6–12] | 0.004* |
| APACHE II score (IQR†) | 22 [17–29] | 23 [18–29] | 21 [16–28] | < 0.001* |
| SIRS score (IQR†) | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–4] | 0.058 |
| Age (IQR†, year old) | 72 [62–80] | 72 [62–80] | 73 [63–81] | 0.007* |
| Sex (male, %) | 1490 (59.7%) | 916 (60.4%) | 574 (58.6%) | 0.373 |
| Body weight (IQR†, kg) | 54.5 [46.3–64] | 54.7 [46.5–65] | 54.0 [46.0–63] | 0.208 |
| White blood cell count (IQR†, × 103) | 11.2 [4.5–17.8] | 11.00 [4.40–17.76] | 11.66 [4.85–17.80] | 0.199 |
| Hemoglobin (IQR†, g/dl) | 10.6 [9–12.4] | 10.5 [8.9–12.4] | 10.6 [9.1–12.5] | 0.055 |
| Platelet count (IQR†, × 103) | 120 [64–191] | 121 [64–194] | 118 [64–186] | 0.498 |
| Prothrombin time international normalize ratio (IQR†) | 1.34 [1.17–1.61] | 1.35 [1.18–1.63] | 1.32 [1.16–1.56] | 0.057 |
| Co-morbidities | ||||
| Liver failure (yes, %) | 104 (4.2%) | 68 (4.5%) | 36 (3.7%) | 0.324 |
| Respiratory failure (yes, %) | 98 (3.9%) | 64 (4.2%) | 34 (3.5%) | 0.347 |
| Cardiac failure (yes, %) | 134 (5.4%) | 82 (5.4%) | 52 (5.3%) | 0.916 |
| Renal failure (yes, %) | 217 (8.7%) | 114 (7.5%) | 103 (10.5%) | 0.009* |
| Immunological disorder (yes, %) | 381 (15.3%) | 263 (17.3%) | 118 (12.1%) | < 0.001* |
| Hematologic disorder | ||||
| Cirrhosis (yes, %) | 97 (3.9%) | 63 (4.2%) | 34 (3.5%) | 0.389 |
| Hematologic malignancy (yes, %) | 84 (3.4%) | 58 (3.8%) | 26 (2.7%) | 0.113 |
| Chemotherapy (yes, %) | 114 (4.6%) | 79 (5.2%) | 35 (3.6%) | 0.056 |
| Warfarin intake (yes, %) | 113 (4.5%) | 73 (4.8%) | 40 (4.1%) | 0.392 |
| Others (yes, %) | 48 (1.9%) | 33 (2.2%) | 15 (1.5%) | 0.252 |
| Positive blood culture | 1111 (44.5%) | 679 (44.8%) | 432 (44.1%) | 0.745 |
| Negative blood culture | 1240 (49.7%) | 778 (51.3%) | 462 (47.2%) | 0.044* |
| No blood culture | 144 (5.8%) | 59 (3.9%) | 85 (8.7%) | < 0.001* |
| Viral infection | 22 (0.9%) | 18 (1.2%) | 4 (0.4%) | 0.042* |
| GNR infection | 912 (36.6%) | 528 (34.8%) | 384 (39.2%) | 0.026* |
| GPC infection | 586 (23.5%) | 344 (22.7%) | 242 (24.7%) | 0.243 |
| Fungal infection | 38 (1.5%) | 27 (1.8%) | 11 (1.1%) | 0.190 |
| Mixed infection | 339 (13.6%) | 246 (16.2%) | 93 (9.5%) | < 0.001* |
| Other infection | 45 (1.8%) | 33 (2.2%) | 12 (1.2%) | 0.081 |
| Unknown infection | 553 (22.2%) | 320 (21.1%) | 233 (23.8%) | 0.114 |
| Red blood cell transfusion (IQR†, units) | 0 [0–4] | 0 [0–4] | 0 [0–4] | < 0.001* |
| Fresh frozen plasma transfusion (IQR†, units) | 0 [0–4] | 0 [0–5] | 0 [0–4] | 0.002* |
| Platelet concentration transfusion (IQR†, units) | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–10] | 0 [0–0] | < 0.001* |
| Treatment for DIC (yes, %) | 1074 (43.0%) | 656 (43.3%) | 418 (42.7%) | 0.777 |
| Antithrombin III (yes, %) | 726 (29.1%) | 447 (29.5%) | 279 (28.5%) | 0.596 |
| rhsTM (yes, %) | 636 (25.5%) | 420 (27.7%) | 216 (22.1%) | 0.002* |
| Nafamostat (yes, %) | 880 (35.3%) | 533 (35.2%) | 347 (35.5%) | 0.884 |
| Heparin (yes, %) | 453 (18.2%) | 247 (16.3%) | 206 (21.0%) | 0.003* |
| Warfarin (yes, %) | 39 (1.6%) | 15 (1.0%) | 24 (2.5%) | 0.004* |
| Antiplatelet (yes, %) | 56 (2.2%) | 37 (2.4%) | 19 (1.9%) | 0.411 |
| Others (yes, %) | 15 (0.6%) | 7 (0.5%) | 8 (0.8%) | 0.262 |
| Specific treatment | ||||
| Immunoglobulin (yes, %) | 743 (29.8%) | 447 (29.5%) | 296 (30.2%) | 0.689 |
| Low dose steroid (yes, %) | 600 (24.0%) | 413 (27.2%) | 187 (19.1%) | < 0.001* |
| Renal replacement therapy (yes, %) | 664 (26.6%) | 452 (29.8%) | 212 (21.7%) | < 0.001* |
| Renal replacement therapy not for renal indication (yes, %) | 165 (6.6%) | 58 (3.8%) | 107 (10.9%) | < 0.001* |
| Polymyxin B direct hemoperfusion (yes, %) | 547 (21.9%) | 316 (20.8%) | 231 (23.6%) | 0.105 |
| Plasma exchange (yes, %) | 20 (0.8%) | 9 (0.6%) | 11 (1.1%) | 0.147 |
| Veno-arterial ECMO (yes, %) | 23 (0.9%) | 20 (1.3%) | 3 (0.3%) | 0.010* |
| Veno-venus ECMO (yes, %) | 27 (1.1%) | 26 (1.7%) | 1 (0.1%) | < 0.001* |
| Intra-aortic balloon pumping (yes, %) | 11 (0.4%) | 7 (0.5%) | 4 (0.4%) | 0.845 |
| Mechanical ventilation support (yes, %) | 1799 (72.1%) | 1184 (78.1%) | 615 (62.8%) | < 0.001* |
| Survival discharge (yes, %) | 1668 (66.9%) | 1014 (66.9%) | 654 (66.8%) | 0.965 |
IQR† median [25%, 75%] for continuous variables, ICU intensive care unit, SOFA score Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, APACHE II score Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, SIRS score systemic inflammatory response syndrome score, GNR gram-negative rods, GPC gram-positive coccus, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, rhsTM recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
*p < 0.05