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Mechanism of the amidation/esterification-type reactions with the GO/RGO using carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide activation: (a) activation of the carboxyl group with a carbodiimide reagent, (b) reaction with N-hydroxysuccinimide, (c) amidation/esterification-type reaction with the desired nucleophile, (d) reaction of the activated carboxyl group with water molecules.
