Chemotherapy induced PD-L1 expression in esophageal orthotopic tumors. KYSE150 cells were injected into the mouse esophagus to form solid tumors, and the mice were randomized to treatment and control groups. After 1 week of treatment, the mice were sacrificed, and PD-L1 expression was evaluated by Western blotting and IHC staining. Carboplatin plus paclitaxel treatment (C+P) reduced (A) tumor size and (B) tumor weight. PD-L1 expression in the KYSE150 orthotopic tumors was higher in the C+P-treated group compared to the control group (ctrl), as demonstrated by (C) Western blotting and (D) IHC staining. Similarly, 5-FU plus cisplatin treatment also reduced (E) tumor size and (F) tumor weight. PD-L1 expression was also induced by 5-FU plus cisplatin treatment as detected in (G) Western blotting and (H) IHC staining. Each lane in C and G represents an individual orthotopic tumor from different mice. The scale bars in D and H represent 25 μm. * indicates a P value < .05.