Table.

Partial literature summary of vitamin D-hormone actions

Vitamin D-hormone effects	Targets
Cells that metabolize D3	• Hepatocytes,66 renal cells,67 endothelial cells,68 smooth muscle cells,69 monocytes,70 skeletal muscle cells71
Pathophysiology affected	• Osteomalacia,72 vascular calcification,56, 57,73,28 renal and myocardial calcification,73 atherosclerosis,74 heart failure,75 thrombosis76
Tissue content and function affected	• Calcium balance,77 aortic elastin,78 bile acid synthesis,79 vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine,80 lipogenesis,81 insulin sensitivity,82 endothelial-dependent contraction83
Cellular functions	• Osteoblastogenesis,84 osteoclastogenesis,85 chondrogenesis86 • Myogenesis,87adipogenesis,88 hematopoiesis,89 nerve growth,90 • Smooth muscle cell (SMC) dedifferentiation,91 SMC migration,92 SMC contraction,93 • Tumor cell differentiation94 • Macrophage cholesterol uptake,95 T-lymphocytes96 • Apoptosis,97 DNA synthesis,98 arachidonic acid turnover99 • Oscillation of inositol phosphate 3 and diacylglycerol production100 • Prostaglandin production,101, 102 superoxide anion production103 • Nitric oxide synthase104
Signaling pathways	• Protein kinase C-alpha,105 cyclic AMP,106 p38 MAPK,107 c-myc,108 c-fos,85 NFAT1,109 Wnt,110 nuclear factor-kappa B111
Known interactions	• Retinoic acid receptors,112 retinoid X receptors,113 glucocortoid,114 • Runx2,115 transforming growth factor-beta,116 insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5,117 vitamin K,118 estrogen,119
Protein synthesis and serum levels regulated	•Low-density lipoprotein (LDL),120 prostaglandin synthesis,101 endothelin receptor91
Gene expression	• Bone morphogenetic protein −2,121 alkaline phosphatase,122 bone sialoprotein,123 collagen I,124 osteopontin,124 osteocalcin115 tissue plasminogen activator,125 parathyroid hormone,126 fibroblast growth factor-23127 • Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand128 • Muscle segment homeobox-containing gene Msx-2 (Hox-8),129 • Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma130 • Integrins,131 fibronectin,132 laminin receptor133 • Collagenase,134 matrix metalloproteinase135 • Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor,109, 114 macrophage-colony stimulating factor136 tumor necrosis factor-alpha,137 interleukin 8138 • Insulin receptor139 • Vascular endothelial growth factor,140 nerve growth factor,141 • Type A natriuretic peptide receptor142 • Aromatase143 • Nephrin112 • CYP7A1,144 CYP19A1,143 CYP24A1145 • p450 cytochrome,146 Mullerian-inhibiting substance147