Table 5.
Protocol for DEX administration in the DEX group.
| Study, year | Time and route of injection | Protocol for DEX injection in DEX group |
|---|---|---|
| Dong et al.[14], 2017 | Start: Postoperatively, after transfer to the general ward End: after 48h; Route: IV using PCIA | A PCIA protocol consists of sufentanil 3 mcg/kg
and 8 mg ondansetron was started for all patients. The PCIA
was programmed to deliver a 2ml bolus with a lockout
interval of 10 min, and a background infusion rate of 4
ml/h. DEX 4 mcg/kg was added to the PCIA for DEX group. |
| Dutta et al.[15], 2017 | Start: Intraoperatively, before induction of
anesthesia End: after 72h post-operative period; Route: epidural catheter |
All patients received the study medications
through paravertebral (multipored epidural) catheter.
Patients in the DEX group received 15 mL of 0.75%
ropivacaine plus DEX, 1 mg/kg bolus over 3-to-5 minutes
followed by an infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine plus 0.2 mg/kg/h
of dexmedetomidine at 0.1 mL/kg/h. Paravertebral infusion was stopped and the catheter was removed 72h after surgery. |
| Jabbary Moghaddam et al.[16], 2016 | Start: Intraoperatively, after
induction; End: ?h after extubation in ICU; Route: IV infusion |
0.5 mcg/kg/h of DEX was infused from the initiation of anesthesia until extubation in the ICU. |
| Cai et al.[17], 2016 | Start: Intraoperatively, before the start of anesthesia End: 30min before the end of surgery; Route: IV infusion | Before anesthesia, patients were administered a loading dose of 1 mg/kg DEX for 10min, followed by continuous infusion at 0.5 mg/kg/h until 30min before the end of surgery. |
| Priye et al.[18], 2015 | Start: Post-operative, after transfer to ICU; End: after 12h; Route: IV infusion | After surgery, patients were transferred intubated and ventilated to the ICU to receive 12h infusion of DEX 0.4 mcg/kg/h without a loading dose. |
| Ren et al.[19], 2015 | Start: Postoperatively, after patients were transferred to PACU; End: after 72h; Route: IV using PCIA | All patient received DEX
intraoperatively. After surgery, 2 doses of DEX in addition of sufentanil were compared with sufentanil using same PCIA protocol. PCIA was programmed to deliver a bolus dose of 2 mL, with background infusion of 2 mL/h and a lockout of 5min, 4h limit of 40 mL. |
| Ramsay et al.[20], 2014 | Start: Postoperatively, 18 to 24h after surgery
when patients were admitted to the telemetry unit; End:
After 24h; Route: IV infusion |
An intraoperative infusion of DEX at 0.2 to 0.5
mcg/kg/h was started for all patients that continued during
their ICU or PACU. 0.1-0.5 mcg/kg/h DEX was started about 18 to 24h after surgery when patients were admitted to the telemetry unit for up to 24h. |
| Abdel-Meguid[21], 2013 | Start: Intraoperatively, after
induction; End: 12h after extubation; Route: IV infusion |
DEX started by continuous infusion at 0.5 mcg/kg/h after induction of anesthesia; this was reduced to 0.3 mcg/kg/h on admission to the ICU and continued for 12h post extubation. |
| Elhakim et al.[22], 2010 | Start: Intraoperatively, after induction of
general anesthesia; End: after 24h; Route: epidural catheter |
The DEX group received DEX 1 mcg/kg in combination with bupivacaine 0.5% 30-40 mg via the thoracic epidural catheter, which was inserted at the T6-7 interspace. |
| Ghandi et al.[23], 2005 | Start: Postoperatively, after transfer to ICU; End: after 24h; Route: IV using PCIA | After transfer of patients to ICU, they received infusion of DEX 0.2 mcg via a PCIA pump in the first 24 hours after surgery. |
| Wahlander et al.[24], 2005 | Start: Postoperatively, on ICU
arrival; End: after 24h; Route: IV infusion |
The DEX group received an IV loading dose of DEX of 0.5 mcg/kg over 20min, followed by continuous IV infusion at 0.4 mcg/kg/h. |
| Venn et al.[25], 1999 | Start: Postoperatively, after transfer to ICU;
End: 6h-24h after extubation; Route: IV infusion |
DEX started within 1h of arrival on the ICU with a loading dose of 1 mcg/kg over 10min followed by a maintenance infusion rate of 0.2-0.7 mcg/kg/h to total maximum duration of infusion was 24h. |
Note: "?h" means that the end time of medication was not reported by Jabbary Moghaddam.