Table 1. Categorization of challenges faced by outreach workers, with levels and examples.

Category of challenge	Level	Examples
Personal
	ORW at individual level	Inability to convince HIV-infected women to return to PMTCT service.
	Patient at individual level	No initiation of ART, or non-adherence to ART, due to non-disclosure of HIV status to spouse or family
Social
	ORW or patients at community level	Stigma and discrimination by community members
Structural
	Program or clinic level, challenges that may hinder a patient’s uptake of services	Lack of supplies, inappropriate behavior of hospital staff