Size uniformity of droplets generated by PTE. (a) While
microfluidically
prepared emulsions are monodispersed, untemplated vortexed emulsions
are not. (b) For certain conditions, vortexing with particle templates
allows generation of monodispersed emulsions. To identify the best
conditions, we test different particle compositions and aqueous-soluble
surfactants. The fraction of droplets containing a single hydrogel
particle is determined by image analysis (bar graphs on right). PAA
and PEG-templated emulsions with Triton yield 98.8% (n = 433) and 99.1% (n = 683) single-particle droplets,
respectively. (c) We quantify the monodispersity of the resultant
emulsions by image analysis, plotting as histograms. Untemplated vortexing
yields polydispersed emulsions, with 4.3% of diameters between 35–40
μm (n = 561), while microfluidic generation
yields monodispersed emulsions, with 95.7% of droplet diameters between
35–38 μm (n = 816). PTE droplets contain
either a single hydrogel core (58%, 35–40 μm) or no hydrogel
particle (42%, <35 μm). The no-particle droplets, however,
due to their small sizes, contribute to <5% of the total sample
volume (n = 1421).