Table 2.
Clinical, biochemical and hedonic hunger profiles of non‐obese type 2 diabetes patients stratified according to glycemic status
| HbA1c <7.0% (n = 42) | HbA1c 7.0–8.9% (n = 46) | HbA1c ≥9.0% (n = 17) | P‐value for trend | Adjusted P‐value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical profile | |||||
| Age (years) | 54.1 ± 8.2 | 56.8 ± 7.3 | 57.5 ± 5.5 | 0.071 | – |
| Male | 25 (64.1) | 24 (50.0) | 9 (64.7) | 0.580 | – |
| Smoking | 10 (23.8) | 12 (26.1) | 2 (11.8) | 0.457 | 0.441 |
| Alcohol drinking | 13 (31.0) | 12 (26.1) | 7 (41.2) | 0.631 | 0.582 |
| Disease duration of diabetes (years) | 5.95 ± 6.3 | 11.35 ± 7.5 | 10.9 ± 9.6 | 0.003 | – |
| Insulin use | 8 (19.0) | 17 (37.0) | 7 (41.2) | 0.049 | – |
| Weight (kg) | 61.1 ± 9.7 | 60.9 ± 8.5 | 62.2 ± 8.3 | 0.757 | 0.892 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5 ± 1.8 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.1 | 0.498 | 0.754 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.0 ± 7.7 | 84.0 ± 7.6 | 86.1 ± 6.1 | 0.435 | 0.851 |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.04 | 0.512 | 0.989 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.7 ± 24.2 | 133.0 ± 19.5 | 135.4 ± 19.5 | 0.046 | 0.043 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.8 ± 11.1 | 72.0 ± 11.2 | 74.8 ± 10.6 | 0.227 | 0.080 |
| Biochemical profile | |||||
| FPG (mmol/L) | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 2.2 | 9.3 ± 3.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 7.7 ± 0.6 | 10.6 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.37 ± 0.86 | 4.03 ± 0.80 | 4.25 ± 0.91 | 0.310 | 0.397 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) | 2.33 ± 0.79 | 2.08 ± 0.75 | 2.38 ± 0.82 | 0.758 | 0.442 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 0.33 | 1.33 ± 0.46 | 1.30 ± 0.36 | 0.408 | 0.870 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.20 (0.72–1.89) | 1.15 (0.79–1.78) | 1.12 (0.88–1.73) | 0.970 | 0.648 |
| ALP (mmol/L) | 62.2 ± 17.4 | 63.8 ± 15.5 | 66.6 ± 19.9 | 0.373 | 0.472 |
| ALT (mmol/L) | 21.9 ± 9.1 | 24.6 ± 10.7 | 25.8 ± 8.3 | 0.123 | 0.360 |
| Urate (mmol/L) | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.34 ± 0.08 | 0.32 ± 0.09 | 0.333 | 0.449 |
| Hedonic hunger profile | |||||
| PFS aggregated score | 2.11 ± 0.74 | 1.95 ± 0.77 | 2.12 ± 1.01 | 0.775 | 0.731 |
| Subscale ‘food available’ | 1.94 ± 0.73 | 1.78 ± 0.77 | 1.93 ± 0.96 | 0.728 | 0.731 |
| Subscale ‘food present’ | 2.18 ± 0.83 | 2.21 ± 0.79 | 2.40 ± 1.11 | 0.454 | 0.589 |
| Subscale ‘food tasted’ | 2.26 ± 0.86 | 1.95 ± 0.89 | 2.12 ± 1.10 | 0.341 | 0.451 |
Total n = 105. Variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, frequency (%) or median (interquartile range). † P‐value after adjustment for age, gender, disease duration of diabetes and insulin use. ALP, alkaline phosphatase level; ALT, alanine transaminase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; PFS, Power of Food Scale (as a measure for hedonic hunger); SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.