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. 2018 Aug 29;12:285. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00285

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Copyright © 2018 Wang, Guan, Zhao, Zhu, Song and Shen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The non-selective TASKs antagonist, bupivacaine (BUP) stimulated respiration of rats. (A) The phrenic nerve discharge (PND) was recorded from the same animal. The unilateral microinjection of 200 μM BUP into the VLM increased PND and integrated PND (iPND). The microinjection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF; pH 7.4) served as a control. (B) Inspiratory time (Ti) was decreased by BUP injection. (C) Group data showing the effects of BUP on iPND. (D) Responses of the respiratory drive. Note that BUP stimulated respiration (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 relative to control; n = 6). (E) Histological staining with neutral red: the sky blue spot indicates the injection site in the VLM, and the injection plot was confirmed by comparison with the Bregma −12.72 mm coronal diagram in the Paxinos and Watson stereotaxic atlas of the rat brain. In the diagram, red arrowheads represent the injection points and dots signify injection points out of VLM.