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. 2018 Sep 3;1:131. doi: 10.1038/s42003-018-0137-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Case 2, hepatocellular carcinoma after sex-mismatched transplantation (female to male). a H&E specimen. On the left side of the picture, a hepatocellular carcinoma is observed; the non-tumor cirrhotic liver is on the right. Scale bar, 500 µm. b–f ImmunoFISH analysis of the area of the hepatocellular carcinoma. c–f Magnified images of the insets to b. Donor-derived αSMA(+) SCSSNs are indicated by yellow arrows and donor-derived αSMA(−) SCSSNs by white arrows. Recipient-derived αSMA(+) SCSSNs are indicated by yellow arrowheads. Tumor cells showing sex chromosome aneuploidy are evident in f. αSMA, blue; X, magenta; Y, green; DAPI, gray. Scale bar, 100 µm. g ImmunoFISH analysis of liver cirrhosis (non-tumor area). Donor-derived αSMA(−)SCSSNs are indicated using white arrows; recipient-derived αSMA(+) SCSSNs by yellow arrowheads. αSMA, blue; X, magenta; Y, green; DAPI, gray. Scale bar, 100 µm. h The proportions of donor SCSSNs in regions of the tumor and non-tumor areas. The analysis was carried out in six regions of three sections. The total numbers of cells analyzed were as follows: 315 αSMA(+) SCSSNs and 645 αSMA(−) SCSSNs in the tumor area and 213 αSMA(+) SCSSNs and 331 αSMA(−) SCSSNs in the non-tumor area. *p < 0.05. NS, not significant (Steel–Dwass test)