Table 3.
Underlying Risk Factors of Patients With Pyogenic Liver Abscess in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1980 Through 2014a,b
| Risk factor | Totalc (N=72) | Period |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-2000c (n=26) | 2001-2014c (n=46) | |||
| Biliary disease (contiguous) | ||||
| Ascending cholangitis | 7 (9.7) | 5 (19.2) | 2 (4.3) | .09 |
| Choledocholithiasis | 10 (13.9) | 3 (11.5) | 7 (15.2) | .74 |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 5 (6.9) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (8.7) | .65 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | .53 |
| Cholecystitis | 5 (6.9) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (8.7) | .65 |
| Biliary stricture | 1 (1.4) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | .36 |
| Otherd | 5 (6.9) | 2 (7.7) | 3 (6.5) | >.99 |
| Systemic disease (hematogenous) | ||||
| Pneumonia | 10 (13.9) | 4 (15.4) | 6 (13.0) | >.99 |
| Dental work/dental caries | 8 (11.1) | 5 (19.2) | 3 (6.5) | .13 |
| Endocarditis | 2 (2.8) | 1 (3.8) | 1 (2.2) | >.99 |
| Pyelonephritis/UTI | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | .53 |
| Intra-abdominal disease (portal) | ||||
| Diverticulitis | 5 (6.9) | 2 (7.7) | 3 (6.5) | >.99 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | .53 |
| Bowel perforation | 3 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (6.5) | .55 |
| Appendicitis | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | >.99 |
| Other (SBO/pancreatitis/foreign body) | 6 (8.3) | 1 (3.8) | 5 (10.9) | .41 |
| Liver disease | ||||
| Metastatic lesions | 10 (13.9) | 4 (15.4) | 6 (13.0) | >.99 |
| Liver malignancy | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | >.99 |
| Hepatitis | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | >.99 |
| Cirrhosis | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | >.99 |
| Systemic malignancy | 17 (23.6) | 6 (24.0) | 11 (23.9) | .62 |
| Iatrogenic (operation) | ||||
| Abdominal operation | 8 (11.1) | 2 (7.7) | 6 (13.0) | .70 |
| Cholecystectomy | 1 (1.4) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | .36 |
| Other | ||||
| Immunosuppression | 12 (16.7) | 4 (15.4) | 8 (17.4) | >.99 |
| Hypertension | 24 (33.3) | 5 (19.2) | 19 (41.3) | .06 |
| Excessive alcohol consumption | 15 (20.8) | 6 (23.1) | 9 (19.6) | .72 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 23 (31.9) | 6 (23.1) | 17 (37.0) | .23 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 10 (13.9) | 6 (23.1) | 4 (8.7) | .15 |
| Chronic kidney failure | 1 (1.4) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | .36 |
| Recent travel | 7 (9.7) | 3 (11.5) | 4 (8.7) | .70 |
a
ERCP = endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; RFA = radiofrequency ablation; SBO = small-bowel obstruction; TACE = transarterial chemotherapy embolization; UTI = urinary tract infection.
b
Data are presented as No. (percentage).
c
Excludes 15 patients (ERCP [n=10]; post-RFA or TACE [n=3]; liver transplant [n=2]); 1980-2000 period, 3 of 29 patients; 2001-2014 period, 12 of 58 patients.
d
Indicates obstruction of biliary drain (n=4), biliary enteric an anastomotic stricture (n=1), biliary obstruction postoperative of biliary bypass (n=1), and pancreatic mass obstructing biliary duct (n=1).