Table 1.

Baseline characteristic of participants

Characteristics	GA-MET group (n=125)		Control group (n=120)		P-valueb
	Numbera	(%)	Numbera	(%)
Age (years)					0.171
12	12	9.6	18	15.0
13	64	51.2	48	40.0
14	49	39.2	53	44.2
15	0	0.0	1	0.8
Gender					0.610
Male	57	45.6	59	49.2
Female	68	54.4	61	50.8
Educational level					0.701
Seventh grade	61	48.8	55	45.8
Eighth grade	64	51.2	65	54.2
GPAX					0.229
Min.–Max.	0.97–3.94		0.76–3.91
Mean (SD)	2.46 (0.72)		2.58 (0.72)
No. of relatives					0.538
No	17	13.6	13	10.8
One sibling	59	47.2	52	43.3
Two or more siblings	49	39.2	55	45.8
Family status					0.305
Living together	84	67.2	78	65.0
Divorced	28	22.4	33	27.5
Separated	10	8.0	4	3.3
Father or mother died	3	2.4	5	4.2
Sufficient income					0.684
Not enough	4	3.4	2	1.8
Enough	115	96.6	112	98.2
Living with					0.402
Parents	79	63.2	71	59.2
Father or mother	22	17.6	29	24.2
Friends	0	0.0	1	0.8
Relative	24	19.2	19	15.8
Parenting style					0.457
Ignore	2	1.6	4	3.4
Strictly	96	76.8	88	74.6
Indulgent	27	21.6	24	20.3
Free to the extent	0	0.0	2	1.7
Family relationships					0.228
Closeness	116	93.6	114	97.4
Estrangement	6	4.8	1	0.9
Quarrel	2	1.6	2	1.7

Notes:

^aNumber may not be added up to the total number due to missing data.

^bP-values are from Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables or from t-test for continuous variables.

Abbreviations: GA-MET, group activity-based motivational enhancement therapy; GPAX, cumulative grade point average.