Table 3.
Comparison of the effects of program by group
| Outcome | Mean (SD)
|
Unadjusted mean difference (95% CI) | Adjusted mean differencea (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA-MET group (n=125) | Control group (n=120) | |||
| Social media addictive behavior scores | ||||
| Baseline | 20.02 (9.00) | 21.16 (9.23) | ||
| Week 8 | 20.62 (8.28) | 21.13 (9.06) | −0.51 (−2.68, 1.69) | −0.13 (−1.99, 1.74) |
| Week 12 | 19.21 (9.83) | 20.59 (10.02) | −1.38 (−3.88, 1.12) | −1.27 (−3.47, 0.93) |
| Average duration of social media usage during weekdays (hours/day) | ||||
| Baseline | 5.23 (3.03) | 4.47 (2.89) | ||
| Week 8 | 4.94 (3.17) | 4.88 (2.97) | 0.06 (−0.71, 0.84)* | −0.91 (−1.67, −0.15)* |
| Week 12 | 5.61 (3.62) | 5.85 (3.28) | −0.24 (−1.11, 0.63)* | −1.27 (−2.18, −0.37)** |
| Average duration of social media usage during weekends (hours/day) | ||||
| Baseline | 6.96 (3.89) | 6.30 (3.80) | ||
| Week 8 | 6.64 (3.88) | 6.81 (3.91) | −0.17 (−1.15, 0.81) | −0.84 (−1.64, −0.04)* |
| Week 12 | 7.40 (4.38) | 7.68 (4.56) | −0.28 (−1.40, 0.85) | −1.25 (−2.22, −0.29)* |
| SDQ scores | ||||
| Baseline | 11.57 (5.37) | 11.63 (5.03) | ||
| Week 8 | 11.42 (5.62) | 11.92 (5.24) | −0.50 (−1.86, 0.87) | −0.80 (−1.92, 0.31) |
| Week 12 | 11.82 (6.04) | 13.01 (5.57) | −1.19 (−2.65, 0.28) | −1.17 (−2.53, 0.19) |
| 1. SDQ scores part 1: emotional behavior | ||||
| Baseline | 3.05 (2.07) | 3.14 (2.11) | ||
| Week 8 | 2.75 (2.24) | 3.28 (2.14) | −0.53 (−1.10, 0.04) | −0.69 (−1.18, −0.19)** |
| Week 12 | 2.74 (2.35) | 3.15 (2.16) | −0.41 (−0.98, 0.18) | −0.43 (−0.99, 0.12) |
| 2. SDQ scores part 2: hyperactivities/attention deficit | ||||
| Baseline | 2.99 (1.56) | 2.77 (1.44) | ||
| Week 8 | 2.90 (1.48) | 2.89 (1.47) | 0.01 (−0.38, 0.39) | −0.08 (−0.44, 0.28) |
| Week 12 | 3.13 (1.63) | 3.34 (1.71) | −0.21 (−0.63, 0.22) | −0.34 (−0.76, 0.08) |
| 3. SDQ scores part 3: unruly behavior | ||||
| Baseline | 2.93 (2.16) | 3.28 (1.96) | ||
| Week 8 | 2.84 (1.98) | 3.04 (1.86) | −0.20 (−0.70, 0.31) | −0.09 (−0.53, 0.34) |
| Week 12 | 2.79 (1.98) | 3.41 (1.86) | −0.62 (−1.13,−0.13)* | −0.39 (−0.86, 0.08) |
| 4. SDQ scores part 4: peer relationship | ||||
| Baseline | 2.60 (1.55) | 2.50 (1.51) | ||
| Week 8 | 2.82 (1.74) | 2.65 (1.51) | 0.17 (−0.26, 0.58) | −0.01 (−0.37, 0.37) |
| Week 12 | 3.03 (1.76) | 3.14 (1.70) | −0.11 (−0.55, 0.34) | −0.16 (−0.60, 0.27) |
| 5. SDQ scores part 5: social relationship | ||||
| Baseline | 5.71 (1.81) | 5.79 (1.66) | ||
| Week 8 | 5.93 (1.77) | 5.74 (1.84) | 0.19 (−0.27, 0.66) | 0.20 (−0.23, 0.63) |
| Week 12 | 5.77 (1.97) | 5.54 (1.93) | 0.23 (−0.28, 0.72) | 0.16 (−0.32, 0.64) |
| Self-esteem scores | ||||
| Baseline | 28.02 (3.53) | 27.47 (3.73) | ||
| Week 8 | 28.30 (3.92) | 27.32 (4.07) | 0.98 (−0.03, 1.98) | 0.69 (−0.18, 1.56) |
| Week 12 | 28.14 (3.67) | 27.10 (3.64) | 1.04 (0.12, 1.97)* | 0.76 (−0.08, 1.59) |
| Depression scores | ||||
| Baseline | 13.45 (8.49) | 13.87 (7.75) | ||
| Week 8 | 14.65 (9.59) | 15.97 (9.04) | −1.32 (−3.67, 1.02) | −1.65 (−3.74, 0.44) |
| Week 12 | 14.19 (8.76) | 18.07 (8.64) | −3.88 (−6.07, −1.69)* | −4.03 (−6.07, −1.99)** |
Notes:
*
Significant at P<0.05,
**
Significant at P<0.01.
a
Adjusted for duration of social media usage during weekday at baseline (hours/day). Social media activities included seeking a girl/boyfriend, finding new friends, meeting more attractive friends, contacting teachers, and baseline values of each outcome.
Abbreviations: GA-MET, group activity-based motivational enhancement therapy; SDQ, Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire.