Table 3.
Hazard or odds ratios predicting child and adult psychopathology across interpregnancy interval and model
| Interpregnancy interval (months) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–5 |
6–11 |
12–23 |
24–35 | |||||||
| Outcome and model | HR/OR | 95% CI | HR/OR | 95% CI | HR/OR | 95% CI | ||||
| ASD | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.70 | 1.44 | 2.00 | 1.35 | 1.22 | 1.50 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 1.08 | Ref |
| Model 2 | 1.63 | 1.38 | 1.93 | 1.38 | 1.25 | 1.54 | 1.03 | 0.94 | 1.12 | Ref |
| Model 3 | 1.59 | 1.34 | 1.87 | 1.37 | 1.23 | 1.52 | 1.03 | 0.94 | 1.12 | Ref |
| Model 4/cousin comparison | 1.63 | 1.04 | 2.55 | 1.38 | 1.05 | 1.80 | 1.06 | 0.83 | 1.35 | Ref |
| Model 5/post-birth | 1.50 | 1.15 | 1.94 | 1.29 | 1.08 | 1.54 | 1.12 | 0.96 | 1.31 | Ref |
| ADHD | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.38 | 1.22 | 1.56 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.14 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 1.14 | Ref |
| Model 2 | 1.29 | 1.14 | 1.47 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 1.18 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.01 | Ref |
| Model 3 | 1.18 | 1.04 | 1.34 | 1.06 | 1.98 | 1.14 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.01 | Ref |
| Model 4/cousin comparison | 1.16 | 0.82 | 1.63 | 0.95 | 0.77 | 1.18 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 1.00 | Ref |
| Model 5/post-birth | 1.27 | 1.05 | 1.54 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 1.13 | Ref |
| Severe mental illness | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.61 | 1.37 | 1.88 | 1.45 | 1.31 | 1.60 | 1.18 | 1.09 | 1.27 | Ref |
| Model 2 | 1.51 | 1.29 | 1.77 | 1.43 | 1.29 | 1.58 | 1.18 | 1.09 | 1.28 | Ref |
| Model 3 | 1.32 | 1.13 | 1.55 | 1.34 | 1.22 | 1.49 | 1.17 | 1.08 | 1.27 | Ref |
| Model 4/cousin comparison | 1.04 | 0.64 | 1.69 | 1.05 | 0.81 | 1.36 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 1.08 | Ref |
| Model 5/post-birth | 1.46 | 1.12 | 1.90 | 1.32 | 1.11 | 1.57 | 1.12 | 0.97 | 1.30 | Ref |
| Suicide attempt | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.67 | 1.49 | 1.87 | 1.30 | 1.21 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.06 | Ref |
| Model 2 | 1.48 | 1.32 | 1.65 | 1.28 | 1.19 | 1.34 | 1.01 | 0.95 | 1.07 | Ref |
| Model 3 | 1.26 | 1.13 | 1.42 | 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.29 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 1.05 | Ref |
| Model 4/cousin comparison | 1.34 | 1.01 | 1.79 | 1.20 | 1.01 | 1.42 | 1.03 | 0.89 | 1.18 | Ref |
| Model 5/post-birth | 1.19 | 0.98 | 1.44 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 1.30 | 0.99 | 0.89 | 1.10 | Ref |
| Criminality | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.62 | 1.56 | 1.69 | 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.27 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.06 | Ref |
| Model 2 | 1.40 | 1.34 | 1.45 | 1.21 | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.07 | Ref |
| Model 3 | 1.25 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.15 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.05 | Ref |
| Model 4/cousin comparison | 1.18 | 1.08 | 1.28 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.10 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.06 | Ref |
| Model 5/post-birth | 1.20 | 1.12 | 1.29 | 1.11 | 1.06 | 1.16 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.07 | Ref |
| Substance-use problem | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.65 | 1.50 | 1.81 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 1.42 | 1.11 | 1.06 | 1.17 | Ref |
| Model 2 | 1.46 | 1.33 | 1.60 | 1.32 | 1.24 | 1.40 | 1.12 | 1.07 | 1.18 | Ref |
| Model 3 | 1.25 | 1.14 | 1.37 | 1.23 | 1.16 | 1.31 | 1.11 | 1.05 | 1.16 | Ref |
| Model 4/cousin comparison | 1.20 | 0.98 | 1.45 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 1.19 | Ref |
| Model 5/post-birth | 1.08 | 0.91 | 1.27 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.28 | 1.02 | .93 | 1.11 | Ref |
| Failing grades | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.69 | 1.62 | 1.77 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.13 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.99 | Ref |
| Model 2 | 1.36 | 1.30 | 1.42 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.13 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.02 | Ref |
| Model 3 | 1.19 | 1.14 | 1.25 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.01 | Ref |
| Model 4/cousin comparison | 1.12 | 0.97 | 1.30 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 1.09 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.08 | Ref |
| Model 5/post-birth | 1.23 | 1.14 | 1.33 | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.21 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.12 | Ref |
Number of differentially exposed cousin pairs included n = 338 604; post-IPI sample included n = 346 739; models were adjusted for the following measured covariates: Model 1: offspring sex, year of birth; Model 2: offspring sex, year of birth, maternal and paternal age, highest education, nationality, different fathers; Model 3: offspring sex, year of birth, maternal and paternal age, highest education, nationality, different fathers, maternal and paternal criminality, attempted suicide, substance misuse and severe mental illness; Model 4/cousin comparison: offspring sex, year of birth, maternal and paternal age, highest education, nationality, different fathers, maternal and paternal criminality, attempted suicide, substance misuse and severe mental illness; Model 5/post-birth interpregnancy interval: offspring sex, year of birth, maternal and paternal age, highest education, nationality, different fathers, maternal and paternal criminality, attempted suicide, substance misuse and severe mental illness, first-born preterm birth, low birth weight and small for gestational age; Model 5 predicts the second-born’s outcomes from the post-birth interpregnancy interval (interval between second-born and third-born) in a subsample of families with three children. Follow-up through 2009.