Table 2.

Estimates from various Mendelian randomization methods for the association between education and cigarettes per day

Method	Beta coefficient	95% CI	P-value
IVW MR	−2.253	−3.810, −0.696	0.005
Weighted median MR	−2.167	−4.395, 0.061	0.057
Weighted modal MR	−1.698	−5.284, 1.887	0.353
MR Egger estimate	−0.711	−6.711, 5.289	0.813
MR Egger intercept	−0.025	−0.121, 0.070	0.596
Egger SIMEX estimate	−1.045	−9.423, 7.333	0.804
Egger SIMEX intercept	−0.020	−0.149, 0.109	0.759

Analysis of 38 181 daily smokers (SNP n = 57 out of a possible 74).