Table 3.

Estimates from various Mendelian randomization methods for the association between education and cotinine levels

Method	Beta coefficient	95% CI	P-value
Complete SNP set (n = 72)
IVW MR	0.077	−0.182, 0.335	0.557
Weighted median MR	0.704	0.168, 1.240	0.010
Weighted modal MR	0.577	0.091, 1.064	0.020
MR Egger estimate	−1.462	−2.596, −0.328	0.012
MR Egger intercept	0.024	0.007, 0.040	0.007
Outlier rs113520408 removed (SNP n = 71)
IVW MR	−0.336	−0.667, −0.005	0.057
Weighted median MR	−0.321	−0.822, 0.180	0.209
Weighted modal MR	−0.498	−1.535, 0.539	0.347
MR Egger estimate	−0.635	−1.904, 0.635	0.322
MR Egger intercept	0.005	−0.016, 0.026	0.629
Egger SIMEX estimate	−0.922	−2.721, 0.878	0.311
Egger SIMEX intercept	0.010	−0.019, 0.039	0.512

Analysis of 4548 daily smokers.